Research studies

P. Willett, Similarity and Clustering in Chemical Information Systems, Research Studies Press, Letchworth, UK. 1986. 

Soc. 1974, 96, 4S34--i842. pi3] D. Weininger, SMILES - a language for molecules and reactions, in Handbook of Chemoinformatics, J. Gasteiger (Ed.) Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003, Chapter 11, Section 3. pi4] G. M. Crippen, T.F. Havel, Distance geometry and molecular conformations, in Chemometrics Research Studies Series 15 D. Bawden (Ed.), Research Studies Press (Wiley), New York, 1988. 

Crippen G M and T F Havel 1988. Distance Geometry and Mdecidar Conformation. Chemorridtrics Research Studies Series 15. New York, Jolin Wiley Sons. 

P. Willett, Three-Dimensional Chemical Structure Handling Research Studies Press, Baldock (1991). 

There are numerous articles and references on computational research studies. If none exist for the task at hand, the researcher may have to guess which method to use based on its assumptions. It is then prudent to perform a short study to verify the method s accuracy before applying it to an unknown. When an expert predicts an error or best method without the benefit of prior related research, he or she should have a fair amount of knowledge about available options A savvy researcher must know the merits and drawbacks of various methods and software packages in order to make an informed choice. The bibliography at the end of this chapter lists sources for reviewing accuracy data. Appendix A of this book provides short reviews of many software packages. 

C. Hansch, A. Leo, Exploring QSAR American Chemical Society, Washington (1995). L. B. Kier, L. H. Hall, Molecular Connectivity in Structure-Activity Analysis Research Studies Press, Chichester (1986). 

Bearing, A., Computer-aided Molecular Modelling Research Study or Research Tool... 

G. M. Ctippen and T. E. Havel, Alf/a Crystallogr. Sect A 34, 282 (1978) G. M. Ctippen and T. E. Havel, Distance Geometry andMolecular Conformation, Chemometrics Research Studies Series 15, John WUey Sons, Inc., New York, 1988. 

Some of the other research studies have addressed topics such as high soHds biomass digestion (154), utilization of superthermophilic organisms (155), advanced reactor designs (156), landfill gas enhancement (157), and microbiology of the mixed cultures involved in methane fermentation (158). 

Australia University of Sydney, White Bay disk 2 2.7 36 " basic generator research studies of... 

Selection of an in-house group or consulting firm to do a market or marketing research study does not foUow any set pattern. In some cases, an outside consulting group is retained to do an independent study of an area already researched by an in-house group. Most often the consultancy is unaware of the prior in-house study, and its report is used as a check study or an assurance to management that its report made a proper assessment. 

It is axiomatic that sales analysis depends on detailed records of sales of a specific chemical to a specific company. Paramount to the success of such studies is the existence of data recorded on a systematic and continuous basis. It follows that these studies are done best by an ia-house staff on products already produced by the company. However, on occasion, a product new to the company can be studied by the ia-house group with the assistance of their field sales force. For example, a producer of polypropylene could use its people to secure data on the consumption of other thermoplastics by their customers. Such an exercise might identify opportunities for a new producer, but a more detailed marketing research study would probably be done before entry iato the new product area was made. 

Mail surveys are rarely used ia chemical market research studies. However, they can be useful if the right conditions prevail. Eor example, if only a few questions requiring simple answers are needed from a large number (>500) of respondents, a properly designed mail questioimaire usually generates an... 

Costs. There are two cost elements in doing marketing research studies professional charges and out-of-pocket expenses. The actual cost of any study is entirely dependent upon the number of interviews and the type of interviews. In practice, a 100-person interview study will cost 30,000 to 50,000. However, if a 50 x 10 investment is involved, the market study is cheap insurance. 

Methodology. The methodology previously outlined for market research studies is appHcable to marketing research studies. However, many more elements must be considered, especially ia the realm of strategy factors. 

As a general rule, marketing research studies involving comprehensive coverage of competitive firms requkes personal contacts. Telephone inquiries usually are futile unless the respondent is a friend of long-standing, the mail surveys are generally unsuitable. 

Costs. Since much more personal contact work is requked, the cost of marketing research studies is significantly higher than the cost of market research studies. Also, the advisabiHty of using the most senior personnel raises the cost. It is not uncommon for in-depth marketing research studies to cost 35,000 to 100,000, depending on the complexity of the subject. 

A researcher studying a specialty chemical business or a specific specialty chemical company should pay particular attention to these nidiments innovative talents, service faciUties and performance, marketing abiUties, and responsiveness to customer needs. Of these, the last may be the key criterion in most cases. A company that frequendy is first with the solution to a customer s problem (even if the solution is sometimes less than perfect) usually holds the customer and a dominant market share against future competition. 

E.-S. Lau, Raidioactivity andNuc/ear Waste Disposal, Research Studies Press, Letchsworth, Hertsfordshire, U.K., 1987. 

Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two processes Schotten-Baumaim reaction of phosgene (qv) and an aromatic diol in an amine-cataly2ed interfacial condensation reaction or via base-cataly2ed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate. Important products are also based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame-retardant compositions, foams (qv), and other materials (see Flame retardants). Polycarbonate is produced globally by several companies. Total manufacture is over 1 million tons aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is also the object of academic research studies, owing to its widespread utiUty and unusual properties. Interest in polycarbonates has steadily increased since 1984. Over 4500 pubflcations and over 9000 patents have appeared on polycarbonate. Japan has issued 5654 polycarbonate patents since 1984 Europe, 1348 United States, 777 Germany, 623 France, 30 and other countries, 231. 

Construction. The addition of PEO to concrete has been a subject of several iavestigations (172). Research studies and patent Hterature suggests that PEO can be used as a pumping aid to concrete where the lubricity of PEO allows concrete to be pumped to longer distances (173—176). In addition, PEO is also used to disperse the water more uniformly ia the concrete mixture that promotes better uniformity of the concrete mixture. Eormulations ia the constmction industry are proprietary and not easily available. 

J. L. White, in K. Walters, ed., RJ)eometry Industrial Applications, Research Studies Press, a division of John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1980, pp. 209-280. 

A basic research study on combustion of sulfur led to the postulation that sulfur trioxide may actually be the primary combustion product and that sulfur dioxide may then be produced by the further reaction of sulfur trioxide with sulfur vapor ki the oxygen-deficient region of the flame (261). 

Although supported Pd catalysts have been the most extensively studied for butadiene hydrogenation, a number of other catalysts have also been the object of research studies. Some examples are Pd film catalysts, molybdenum sulfide, metal catalysts containing Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir, Pt, Cu, MgO, HCo(CN) on supports, and LaCoC Perovskite. There are many others (79—85). Studies on the weU-characteri2ed Mo(II) monomer and Mo(II) dimer on siUca carrier catalysts have shown wide variations not only in catalyst performance, but also of activation energies (86). 

P.. Lewi, Multivariate Data Analysis in Industrial Practice, Research Studies Press,John Wiley Sons, Inc., Chichester, UK, 1982. 

Application A market research study was carried out to relate the subjective feel of a consumer product to consumer preference. In other words, is the consumer s preference for the product associated with the feel of the product, or is the preference independent of the product feel ... 

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