Advanced reactor designs

Some of the other research studies have addressed topics such as high soHds biomass digestion (154), utilization of superthermophilic organisms (155), advanced reactor designs (156), landfill gas enhancement (157), and microbiology of the mixed cultures involved in methane fermentation (158). 

C. A. Cabrera and D. Knepper, "Advanced Reactor Design for FCC Units," paper AM 90-39, presented at 1990 NPRA Annual Meeting San Antonio, Tex., Mar. 1990. 

Answer There are obvious merits in using an isolation condenser because it is being included in some of the advanced reactor designs. FTAP INPUT... 

Nitric acid is one of the three major acids of the modem chemical industiy and has been known as a corrosive solvent for metals since alchemical times in the thirteenth centuiy. " " It is now invariably made by the catalytic oxidation of ammonia under conditions which promote the formation of NO rather than the thermodynamically more favoured products N2 or N2O (p. 423). The NO is then further oxidized to NO2 and the gases absorbed in water to yield a concentrated aqueous solution of the acid. The vast scale of production requires the optimization of all the reaction conditions and present-day operations are based on the intricate interaction of fundamental thermodynamics, modem catalyst technology, advanced reactor design, and chemical engineering aspects of process control (see Panel). Production in the USA alone now exceeds 7 million tonnes annually, of which the greater part is used to produce nitrates for fertilizers, explosives and other purposes (see Panel). 

In biomass transesterification it is necessary to develop (basic) catalysts with high conversion efficiency operating under heterogeneous conditions, which avoid the presence of catalyst residues in the final product and allow a cleaner product with concurrent savings of catalyst, as well as simpler separation of the reacted materials from the reactants, e.g., integration of catalysts and membrane in a new advanced reactor design. 

The decomposition reactions can be applied in industry in a relative short period of time. The total oxidation of wastes is very well investigated and difficulties such as corrosion and salt deposition seem to be solved e.g. by advanced reactor designs. Now it is up to industry to apply this knowledge if the costs of this process can compete with e.g. incineration. 

From the time that a neutron chain reaction was first envisioned to its experimental verification with the CP-1 critical pile in 1942 to the advanced reactor designs of today, the principal measure of the propensity for a system to sustain a neutron chain reaction has been the /c-effective eigenvalue. In this section, we review the mathematical and physical background of criticality that both reactor physics and criticality safety have in common. This will involve several steps ... 

This part is dedicated to exploring the advanced reactor design territory. After the conclusion of this part, students must be able to... 

Catalysis based HDS technology -Conventional HDS -HDS with fuel specification recovery -HDS by advanced reactor design -HDS by advanced catalysis... 

In principle, the reference materials selected for the SFR from the corrosion point of view seem to be appropriate. However, advanced reactor design targets, e.g., the 60-year operational lifetime and the higher fuel bum-up to be reached using unexplored materials for the fuel cladding, raises some questions on the appropriate qualification status of the materials. To address these issues, on one hand experimental programs... 

Design a reactor as safe as current uranium-fueled advanced reactor designs. 

The following discussion of plutonium-bumer fuel candidates is divided according to whether the fuel form has been fabricated and tested, and other fuel forms that do not have extensive testing but may be attractive for an advanced reactor design. 

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