Research justification

There is unusually strong justification for the historical approach in presenting the important facts about x-rays to analytical chemists the information these chemists need in their work is largely that discovered in the early researches. This is particularly clear in connection with absorption and emission spectra, in which more refined investigations with more powerful equipment later revealed important complexities that the analytical chemist may ignore. Several of these complexities will be recorded below. 

Since a thorough review of the scientific and patent literature failed to produce any information relative to die preparation of silicon-functional polyolefins by cationic methods, this untapped field appeared particularly attractive for systematic research. Added justification for this objective was provided by the possible exploitation of the vast synthetic possibilities offered by a combination of the chemistries of cationic polymerization and that of organosilanes24. ... 

Does it matter The following, some taken from research and some from experience, provide justification for employing this fine resolution to analysis of pedagogi-... 

Sometimes these heuristics are an extension of the theory and sometimes they are experience-based rules, with no apparent theoretical justification, but they simply work most of the time. One way of explaining human reasoning that has influenced the expert system research is that these heuristic rules of thumb are... 

Equations of state relate the phase properties to one another and are an essential part of the full, quantitative description of phase transition phenomena. They are expressions that find their ultimate justification in experimental validation rather than in mathematical rigor. Multiparameter equations of state continue to be developed with parameters tuned for particular applications. This type of applied research has been essential to effective design of many reaction and separation processes. 

Frings, J. W. 1913. The Occult Arts An Examination of the Claims made for the Existence and Practice of Supernormal Powers, and an Attempted Justification of Some of Them by the Conclusions of the Researches of Modem Science. 2nd ed. Philadelphia David McKay. 

The basic strategy in using taxometric procedures is to presume a taxon— for example, depression. Next, we are required to conjecture the presumed taxon s indicators—sadness, anhedonia, and suicidality. Presume and conjecture based on what Clinical experience, intuition, past theory and research. .. it really does not matter. The presuming and conjecturing take place in what Popper (1959) called the context of discovery, where ideas, theories, and hypotheses are developed from any source. The empirical evaluation of these ideas, however, takes place in Popper s context of justification when the question is a taxometric one, the context of justification involves taxometric analyses. 

In the United States, as in most other countries, individual informed consent is generally required before research may be done with a living, identifiable human being. Informed consent for research generally has two different justifications. First, it allows the potential subject to weigh for himself or herself the balance of risks and benefits from his or her participation in the proposed research. Second, it embodies the individual s autonomy and control over interventions in or about his or her own body. 

A logical extension of the spectral equilibrium model for e would be to consider nonequilibrium spectral transport from large to small scales. Such models are an active area of current research (e.g., Schiestel 1987 and Hanjalic et al. 1997). Low-Reynolds-number models for e typically add new terms to correct for the viscous sub-layer near walls, and adjust the model coefficients to include a dependency on Re/,. These models are still ad hoc in the sense that there is little physical justification - instead models are validated and tuned for particular flows. 

It would be preferable, of course, if individually and collectively, scientists were more forthcoming with explanations and justifications of their choices of values. But it is difficult to advance strong arguments against their choices if research is practiced only as the asymptotic pursuit of "pure truth" and if the choices are not misrepresented as objective and scientific. However, as it is funded and practiced currently, scientifc research deals almost exclusively with societally important study systems and therefore has practical as well as "purely scientific" objectives. Thus, it is proper to require that decision rules be adequately explained and justified in their societal context and even to look with a jaundiced eye at misrepresentations of value choices as "objective" or "scientific" for whatever reason and in any research context. 

SixSigma [On-line], Measurement System Capability Manual, Available http //www.6sigma.us/ MeasurementsystemsMSA/measurement-systems-analysis-MSA-p.html, accessed 1 April 2009 I. Verhappen, Typical process analyzer application justification, in Analytical Instrumentation-, Practical Guides for Measurement and Control, R.E. Sherman and L. Rhodes (eds). Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, 1996. 

This is the science known as experimental design, and many books and papers, as well as word-of-mouth communication by those who know, are available to the interested research worker. Mathematical justification has been worked out for these designs, but in this test let us consider the patterns which seem to fit the particular problems the best. The basic patterns, which have been used most extensively in chemical research, either as is or with appropriate modifications are ... 

Since in any catalytic reaction, at least one of the reactants must be chemisorbed, no theory of catalysis can be constructed before the mechanism of chemisorption on the surfaces under investigation is fully understood. In recent years, as a result of the advances in solid-state physics, it became apparent that an important group of adsorbents and catalysts, namely the oxides of the transition metals, were typical semiconductors. This simple idea stimulated both research and speculation in the catalytic field. Its justification is quite simple, at least in qualitative terms. 

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