Research development and demonstration

A National Plan for Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Creating Energy Choicesfor the Future, Energy Research and Development Administration, Washington, D.C., 1976. 

The chronology of the development of nuclear reactors can be divided into several principal periods pre-1939, before fission was discovered (12) 1939—1945, the time of World War II (13—15) 1945—1963, the era of research, development, and demonstration (16—18) 1963—mid-1990s, during which reactors have been deployed in large numbers throughout the world (10,18) and extending into the twenty-first century, a time when advanced power reactors are expected to be built (19—23). Design of nuclear reactors has been based on a combination of theory, measurement of basic and derived parameters, and experiments with complete systems (24—27). 

Hydrogen Posture Plan An integrated Research, Development and Demonstration Plan, U.S. Department of Energy, July 2003. 

DOE, Hydrogen, Fuel Cells and Infrastructure Technologies Program, Multi-year Research, Development and Demonstration Plan. 2003 available at http //wwwl.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/ production/biomass gasification.html (accessed March 2008). 

Gaseous hydrogen delivery pathway via pipelines and tube trailers. (After U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen, fuel cells and infrastructure technologies program multi-year research, development and demonstration plan, Section 3.2, Hydrogen Delivery, January 21, 2005.)... 

R D RAR RCS RD D RES RES-E RME Research and development Reasonably assured resources Regulations, codes and standards Research, development and demonstration Renewable energy sources Renewable energy sources for electricity generation Rapeseed methyl ester... 

RD D stands for research, development, and demonstration. This is a special type of RCRA permit that allows testing of treatment units for development and demonstration purposes. These types of operations require a permit even though it is much less stringent and demanding than a full RCRA operating permit. 

DoE multiyear research. Development and demonstration plan for hydrogen, fuel cells and infrastructure technologies program. Available from wwwl.eere. energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelceUs / mypp / pdfs / fuel cells.pdf... 

Although it is difficult to determine the quantitative requirements of plate and plate materials appropriately for various fuel cells and different applications in a development phase, such a target would be helpful to direct the development effort and make necessary trade-offs. The cascaded performance requirement targets in 2010 and 2015 for bipolar plates of fuel cells in transportation applications were set by the U.S. DoE (Department of Energy) according to functions of the plate mentioned before and overall requirements of performance, reliability, manufacturability, and cost of a stack, as shown in Table 5.1 [7]. The technical target in the DoE s multiyear research, development, and demonstration plan has been popularly and worldwide... 

Source U.S. Department of Energy. 2007. Technical targets Bipolar plates. Multiyear research, development and demonstration plan, http //wwwl.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenand-fuelcells/mypp/pdfs/fuel cells.pdf (accessed Dec. 2008). 

Support was provided under the National Energy Research, Development and Demonstration Program (NERDDP). T.P. Maher of the Joint Coal Board provided coal specimens and expert advice. P.J. Redllch (Monash University) supplied brown coals and extracted residues. Maceral concentrates were provided by N. Lockhart, C. Davies, M. Shlbaoka, N. Ng and A. Cook. N. Thomas and Z. Lauks performed most of the thermal analysis experiments. 

The priorities in terms of liquid fuel production in Canada should be exploration for crude oil, further development of the oil sands, and, perhaps, liquefaction of coal. Liquefaction of wood should be pursued at a lower priority. Nevertheless, the attraction of security of supply of liquid fuel from a renewable resource does justify some research, development and demonstration on wood production and wood liquefaction. 

The federal Department of Energy, Mines and Resources assists in providing the technical aid they need, and the Department of Industry, Trade and Commerce offers financial and analytical stimuli. Indeed, we conclude that, selected increased effort on research, development and demonstration in this field seems to be well justified. 

It would require 20 to 25 years to complete the research, development and demonstration program. This is compatible with the present Canadian uranium resources situation. Chemistry and chemical engineering would play a major role in most areas of such a fuel recycle program. 

Recently, the Canadian CO2 Capture and Storage Technology Network (CCCSJN) was established due to interest and initiatives underway for the implementation of CCS technologies and to coordinate activities undertaken by various groups and/or entities working on research, development and demonstration of national CO2 capture and storage initiatives. 

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