Requirements for instruments

The factors to be considered in the determination of the number of instruments required are given in the following fist  

Features of the technical performance of the instruments that should be considered include  

Human factors may be an important aspect in the selection of instruments. The following should be considered in assessing portable instruments  

Some of these aspects should also be considered in the selection of nonportable radiation monitoring instruments. 

Responsibility should be assigned for the maintenance and calibration of instruments, in accordance with established procedures. Instruments should be reliable and easy to maintain. For the purposes of users and for maintenance purposes, the number of different types of instruments should be minimized. The following factors may be considered  

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System suitability information. Minimum requirements for instrument acceptability and any critical operating parameters should be identified. 

The spectroscopy system uses a dispersive element and a detector which is either a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a diode array. A computer is required for instrument control and for intensive data processing. 

In an instrumental method, a series of reference solutions are usually prepared for the purpose of calibrating the equipment. In addition, a chemical reaction, often at the heart of a wet method, is not necessarily required for instrumental methods. 

Initial Sketch. Figure 2 shows a process flow diagram for a petrochemical plant (1,2). This drawing shows the feed and products so the designer knows what to allow for these lines in the interunit pipeway routing. The process engineer has indicated with notes which pieces of equipment will be located in elevated structures, such as the overhead condensers, and has also shown which equipment should be located close by other equipment, such as the reboiler next to its column. Primary instrumentation is shown to indicate that room is required for instrument drops to these control valves. All this... 

B. Postcolumn Derivatization Three types of reactors for postcolumn derivatization are used, depending on reaction kinetics. Straight, coiled, and knitted open-tubular reactors are used for fast reactions, whereas packed-bed reactors are used for intermediate kinetics. Segmented-stream reactors are used for slow reactions. The simplest reactors are the open-tubular reactors a T connector is the most common. Pickering44 has described the performance requirements for instrumental components of HPLC postcolumn systems. 

The quality of the end result fundamentally depends on the sample, the data, the measurement process, the transformation of data to information and, finally, the display and transformation of the information. It is obvious that the role of the instrument in providing the integrity of data is also fundamental to the end result. Written requirements for instrumental performance are not sufficient for assuring the reliability of the result unless they are tested and validated. 

Drains and Vents. All exchangers need to be drained and vented therefore, care should be taken to locate and size drains and vents properly. The proper location depends upon the exchanger design and orientation. Additional openings may be required for instruments such as pressure and temperature sensors. 

NUREG-0800, "Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants," Chapter 7.1, which, when combined with IEEE-603, establishes NRC requirements for instrumentation and control systems Important to safety. 

General requirements for instrumentation and control systems important to safety... 

For a characterization within a series of compounds often polarimetry supersedes CD spectroscopy because the chosen concentration for its measurement is not restricted by a too high absorption. The broad acceptance of the polarimetric standardization of chiral compounds always has been a motivation for improvements of polarimeters. Especially for the daily routine work there is a requirement for instruments with high convenience (see section on Polarimetry and CD detectors in liquid chromatography). 

The selection of a zircon standard is required for instrumental bias of the MC-ICP-MS and to adjust the parameters of the laser. A careful tuning of the MC-ICP-MS... 

On-line coupling of SFC with gas chromatography has sporadically been used for the investigation of volatiles from aromatic herbs and spices. The requirements for instrumentation regarding the pumps, the restrictors, and the detectors are similar to those of SFE-GC. Additional parts of the device are the separation column and the injector, to introduce the sample into the mobile phase and successively into the column. The most common injector type in SFC is the high-pressure valve injector, similar to those used in HPLC. With this valve, the sample is loaded at ambient pressure into a sample loop of defined size and can be swept into the column after switching the valve to the injection position. The separation columns used in SFC may be either packed or open tubular... 

The level and sophistication of instruments and process control systems is largely determined by local preference although in order to satisfy the basic requirement, as stated above, there is a minimum requirement for instrumentation, control and safety interlocks which are common to all sulphonation plants. 

IEEE-338-1977, "Criteria for periodic testing of nuclear power generating station safety systems. IEEE-336, 1977, "Installation, inspection, and testing requirements for instrumentation and electric equipment during the construction of nuclear power generating stations. ... 

For example, the platform elevations shown on the process vessel sketch in Exhibit 10-3S> are the minimum requirements for instrument, valve, and maintenance access. Exhibit 10-50 displays a platform arrangement for the tower using the information in Exhibit 10-39 and the guidelines in this chapter. 

The type and layout of a reactor system including boilers, circulators, standpipes and control rods and penetrations required for instrumentations and other equipment can also affect the reinforcements. Substantial changes in the layout and design would be necessary if boilers, circulators and their closures were located within the walls rather that in the annular space. The same is true of the manner in which standpipes and control rods are arranged in the caps. 

For ER fluids to be used industrially in the aforementioned areas, it is necessary to satisfy the initial property requirements for instruments, such as viscosity without electric field, the ER effect, current value, and responsivity, as well as dispersion stability and permanence of the ER effect. In the following, examples using a carbonaceous material to explore these requirements will be described, with the focus on optimization of nonwater-containing microparticles. 

Only the Pharmacopoeias (for example the US Pharmacopoeia (1995) and the British Pharmacopoeia (1998)), and the Australian Regulatory Authority have been sufficiently worried by instrumental factors to give written requirements for instrument performance. Whilst these guidelines are not entirely consistent at least they are attempting to ensure consistency of calibration practices between laboratories. 

ASME Performance Test Codes are applicable to the determination of performance of specific mechanical equipment that is designed to meet specified criteria for performance and operability. The codes provide requirements for instrumentation, test procedure, test environment, and interpretation of test results. 

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