Renal disease and diabetes

Hypertension is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes.6 The added comorbidity of hypertension in diabetes leads to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, renal disease, and diabetic retinopathy leading to greater health care costs.7... 

Sell, D. R., and Monnier, V. M., End-stage renal disease and diabetes catalyze the formation of a pentose-derived crosslink from aging human collagen. J. Clin. Invest. 85, 380-384 (1990). 

In the treatment of hypertension, ACE inhibitors are as effective as diuretics, (3-adrenoceptor antagonists, or calcium channel blockers in lowering blood pressure. However, increased survival rates have only been demonstrated for diuretics and (3-adrenoceptor antagonists. ACE inhibitors are approved for monotherapy as well as for combinational regimes. ACE inhibitors are the dtugs of choice for the treatment of hypertension with renal diseases, particularly diabetic nephropathy, because they prevent the progression of renal failure and improve proteinuria more efficiently than the other diugs. 

Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism involve perturbations which cause elevation of triglycerides and/or cholesterol, reduction of HDL-C, or alteration of properties of lipoproteins, such as their size or composition. These perturbations can be genetic (primary) or occur as a result of other diseases, conditions, or drugs (secondary). Some of the most important secondary disorders include hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, and alcohol use. Hypothyroidism causes elevated LDL-C levels due primarily to downregulation of the LDL receptor. Insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus result in impaired capacity to catabolize chylomicrons and VLDL, as well as excess hepatic triglyceride and VLDL production. Chronic kidney disease, including but not limited to end-stage... 

This electrolyte plays a vital role in the acid-base balance of the body. Bicarbonate may be given IV as sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) in the treatment of metabolic acidosis, a state of imbalance that may be seen in diseases or situations such as severe shock, diabetic acidosis, severe diarrhea, extracorporeal circulation of blood, severe renal disease, and cardiac arrest. Oral sodium bicarbonate is used as a gastric and urinary alkalinizer. It may be used as a single drug or may be found as one of the ingredients in some antacid preparations. It is also useful in treating severe diarrhea accompanied by bicarbonate loss. 

Acute bloodstream infection Patients with underlying illness such as HIV, renal failure, and diabetes are affected by this type of the disease, which usually results in septic shock. The symptoms of the bloodstream infection vary depending on the site of original infection, but they generally include respiratory distress, severe headache, fever, diarrhea, development of pus-filled lesions on the skin, muscle tenderness, and disorientation. This is typically an infection of short duration, and abscesses will be found throughout the body. 

Angiotensin-II AT, Human cDNA Artherosderosis, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, renal disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, glaucoma, cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease Smooth muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration, aldosterone and ADH release, central and peripheral sympathetic stimulation, extracellular matrix formation, tubular sodium retention, neuroprotection... 

Metabolic acidosis In severe renal disease uncontrolled diabetes circulatory insufficiency due to shock, anoxia, or severe dehydration extracorporeal circulation of blood cardiac arrest and severe primary lactic acidosis where a rapid increase in plasma total CO2 content is crucial. Treat metabolic acidosis in addition to measures designed to control the cause of the acidosis. Because an appreciable time interval may elapse before all ancillary effects occur, bicarbonate therapy is indicated to minimize risks inherent to acidosis itself. 

In clinical practice, depressive symptoms were common in patients with physical illness, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and women in pregnancy, following delivery or menopause. However, data that specifically addressed serum lipid profiles in patients with depressive disorders and physical illnesses were still scarce. 

Depression and Metabolic Syndrome. Abnormal serum albumin levels and lipid profiles have both been observed in patients with major depression, as well as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and end-stage renal disease. Depressive symptoms are very common in patients with these chronic illnesses. Recent clinical data have shown that cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, end-stage renal disease, and obesity are all related to metabolic syndromes [68-74], and especially insulin resistance [75, 76]. However, the data examining major depression without physical illness and insulin resistance are still scarce. In the future, the biological relationship between depression and physical illness needs to be more fully explored. 

The carbohydrate analyzer has shown that there are considerable differences in excretion patterns of carbohydrates in disease. Many carbohydrates are excreted in excess in renal glycosuria and diabetes mellitus (Yl). Other abnormalities, such as pancreatic insufiSciency and lactose deficiency, show several carbohydrate excretion abnormalities. The presence of large amounts of xylulose and other sugars during ingestion of xylose indicates that the xylose tolerance test may not be a true measurement of absorption since that sugar apparently also metabolizes (Yl). 

In humans, the acute symptoms of ASP caused by domoic acid include vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, severe headache, and loss of short-term memory. In some cases, confusion, memory loss, disorientation, and even coma are reported. In addition, seizures and myoclonus are observed acutely. Permanent neurologic sequelae, especially cognitive dysfunction, were reportedly most likely in persons who developed neurologic illness within 48 h, males, in older patients (>60 years), and in younger persons with pre-existing illnesses such as diabetes, chronic renal disease, and hypertension with a history of transient ischemic attacks. The first human cases of ASP were identified after an outbreak in Prince Edward Island, Canada since then, there have been cases of ASP in marine mammals and birds in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and Canada. 

Recent researches have indicated that lipid peroxidation is involved in the pathogenesis of other human diseases such as hypoxic-ischemic reperfusion injury, cancers, Alzheimer s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal dysfunction, and diabetes mellitus. 

Diseases of the kidney that are discussed in this section include (1) the uremic syndrome, (2) chronic kidney disease, (3) end-stage renal disease, (4) diabetic nephropathy, (5) hypertensive nephropathy, (6) glomerular diseases, (7) interstitial nephritis, (8) polycystic Iddney disease, (9) polycystic kidney disease, (10) toxic nephropathy, (11) obstructive uropathy, (12) tubular diseases, (13) renal calculi, and (14) cystinuria. In addition, this section also includes discussions on (1) prostaglandins and NS AIDS in kidney disease, (2) monoclonal light chains and kidney disease, and (3) urinary osmolality. 

---