Reliability definition

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) are also frequently used to examine the morphology and chemical composition (via energy dispersive spectroscopy) of particles more than 100,000 times their original size, making them very useful. Soil minerals, fossils, and pollen spores that occur in soils and can be described and analyzed in detail by SEMs and TEMs and are very useful indicators when studying soil samples. All these techniques in combination achieve reliable, definite, and accurate results and provide additional information about the chemical and physical properties of the suspected material. 

A more reliable definition of the anisotropy is by means of experimental determination of some properties along the major symmetry axes. For the acoustic pulse... 

Autoimmune hepatitis may be classified into three (sometimes four) types according to the different antibody specificities in conjunction with the seromarkers of viral hepatitis. Further differentiation has also been made into subtypes (la, lb and 2a, 2b), although this remains controversial. In the future, it may well be possible to derive therapeutic indications or prognostic indices from these subtypes at the moment, they offer no guidance in this respect. It is, however, remarkable that ANA, SMA and LKM 1 are not primarily detectable in 20% of patients with AIH, whereas other antibodies, such as LP/SLA and ASGPR antibodies, can often be identified. (52) In this context, a more reliable definition of overlap syndromes might therefore be useful for therapy and prognosis, (s. tab. 33.1)... 

The incidence of CMIN in the hterature ranges from less than 1% to over 70% [23-27]. This discrepancy results from the lack of a single reliable definition, different methods of investigation, different types of radiological procedures, use of high or low osmolar contrast media and the presence or absence of risk factors. In patients without any risk factor the incidence is less than 1% despite the use of up to 800 ml of contrast media [28]. In patients at high risk the frequency of CMIN has been reported to increase in the last few years, which seems to be related to the wider use of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in elderly and critically ill patients [29]. Multivariate analysis revealed in-hospital dialysis and an increase in baseline serum creatinine levels as the most important predictors of... 

The final option permits the selection of only high-specificity matrices in the TFBS annotation. This option subselects a list of TFBS matrices that have <= 0.85 cut-off similarity to the TRANSFAC PWM. These are the matrices with the most reliable definitions in the TRANSFAC database. 

The crucial point in extrusion is the plasticity of the ceramic body. As there is neither a reliable definition nor a reliable method in ceramics for determining plasticity, it is also referred to as extrudability , ductility , consistency or workability . 

The security model is based on non-homogeneous Markov chains and defines the security as probability of not being attacked during service period, similar to the reliability definition. As a consequence, the mentioned authors recommend the usage of classical software reliability for vulnerability analysis. 

The analysis of multiplanar images permits a highly reliable definition of the degree of perivisceral extension and metastatic involvement, yielding improved locoregional staging capabilities. 

Neresky, J.J., Reliability definitions, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, 19, 1970, 198-200. 

NDT equipment widely used for definition of safety and quality of produets must ensure uniformity and reliability of measurements realised with them. 

A reliability block diagram can be developed for the system from the definition of adequate performance. The block diagram represents the effect of subsystem or component failure on system performance. In this preliminary analysis, each subsystem is assumed to be either a success or failure. A rehabihty value is assigned to each subsystem where the appHcation and a specified time period are given. The reUabiUty values for each subsystem and the functional block diagram are the basis for the analysis. 

After the inherent hazards are reduced, layers of protection are frequently used to protect the receptors of the hazard—the public, the environment, workers, other processes, or the process itself (Figure 1.1). In the strictest sense, one could argue that the definition of inherently safer applies only to elimination or reduction of the hazard. In the broad sense, the strength of a layer of protection can be improved by features that are permanent and inseparable from that layer. Thus, layers of protection can be classified into three categories, listed in decreasing order of reliability passive, active, and procedural. A passive layer of protection can be described as inherently safer than an active... 

The requirements within the product specification need to be expressed in terms that can be verified. Hence you should avoid subjective terms such as good quality components , high reliability , commercial standard parts , etc. as these requirements are not sufficiently definitive to be verified in a consistent manner. (See the later section on Design acceptance criteria and Part 2 Chapter 2 on Clarifying standards of acceptabili-fy-)... 

From a reliability engineering perspective, error can be defined by analogy with hardware reliability as "The likelihood that the human fails to provide a required system function when called upon to provide that fimction, within a required time period" (Meister, 1966). This definition does not contain any references to why the error occurred, but instead focuses on the consequences of the error for the system (loss or unavailability of a required function). The disadvantage of such a definition is that it fails to consider the wide range of other actions that the human might make, which may have other safety implications for the system, as well as not achieving the required function. 

In this mechanistic approach to human reliability, the individual is modeled as being analogous to a hardware component that provides a function when required. A definition of human reliability from this perspective is as follows ... 

This has close affinities with definitions of system reliability from a hardware perspective, for example, "the probability of performing a function under specified conditions for a specific period of time" (Zorger, 1966). 

In the CCPS Taxonomy, four degrees of severity, from clean to severe, are used to characterize the process medium—the material being handled by the equipment—and its influence on reliability. In some cases, the severity will be unknown. Even if a severity is listed, doubt may exist about its value, since the definitions of severity are fairly subjective. 

The presence of iminium salts can be detected by chemical means or by spectroscopic methods. The chemical means of detecting iminium salts are reactions with nucleophiles and are the subject of this review. The spectroscopic methods are more useful for rapid identification because with the large number of model compounds available now the spectroscopic methods are fast and reliable. The two methods that are used primarily are infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Some attempts have been made to determine the presence of iminium salts by ultraviolet spectroscopy, but these are not definitive as yet (14,25). 

Reliability is generally understood to measure the degree of certainty that a piece of equipment will perform as intended. Relays, in contrast with most other equipment, have two alternative ways in which they can be unreliable. They may tail to operate when they are expected to, or they may operate when they are not expected to. This leads to the two-pronged definition of dependability, the measure of certainty that the relays will operate correctly for all faults for which they are designed to operate and security, the measure of certainty that the relays will not operate incorrectly for any fault. 

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