Relative explanation power

Bowden and Bowden, Chapman and Shorter tried to develop a simple theory of the relative transmitting powers of various groups G. The theory achieved a modest success, but no real explanation of the inferior transmission by C=C was offered. It was simply... 

The name material balance control was introduced by Shinkey (1984). The different control schemes that the author developed were based on the concept of relative gains (= power of control) of the different input-output combinations. Speed of control was only considered as a secondary factor. A simple explanation is given by Ryskamp (1980). Also Van der Grinten (1970) presented a nrrmber of common control schemes for distillation colnmns. The latter author used behavioral models in the eontrol scheme selection procedure. None of the mentioned references takes inverse responses into accoimt when X > 0.5. In the case of the more traditional approach, the energy balanee eontrol, the reflux ratio and/or vapor flow is used to eontrol the top product qrrality, while the distillate and bottom flow are nsed to maintain the mass balanee. In the ease of the material balance control, one of the prodnct flows is used to control product qrrahty, while the other product flow maintains the material balance. 

Not only are there substrates for which the treatment is poor, but it also fails with very powerful electrophiles this is why it is necessary to postulate the encounter complex mentioned on page 680. For example, relative rates of nitration of p-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene were 1.0, 3.7, and 6.4, though the extra methyl groups should enhance the rates much more (p-xylene itself reacted 295 times faster than benzene). The explanation is that with powerful electrophiles the reaction rate is so rapid (reaction taking place at virtually every encounter between an electrophile and substrate molecule) that the presence of additional activating groups can no longer increase the rate. ... 

The multifaceted behavior of transition metal complexes calls for not only theoretical explanations within a common conceptual framework but also theoretical tools that are powerful enough to predict the chemical and magnetic behavior of open-shell transition metal ions. Specifically, one looks for theoretical methods to calculate geometries and relative energies for stable species and transition states as well as for methods that allow one to determine spectroscopic parameters with sufficiently predictive accuracy. 

However, in the skin, vitamin D is also activated by oxidation, and an excess of quenching of this oxidation, due to high concentrations of /3-carotene in the skin, may reduce the amount of vitamin D availability. This is not only important for bone construction, but also because vitamin D represents a powerful natural anticancer agent. This can be an explanation why an increase of lung cancer was found in Finland (country with relative lack of sun), where smoking people and subjects with asbestosis were treated with /3-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. Concomitantly in ATBC, ischemic episodes were more severe due to the very high dosage of /3-carotene, which can become pro-oxidant. 

A generalized controller operational flowchart is included in Figure 2. This flowchart shows relative battery state-of-charge (SOC) to be the starting criteria for the decision tree. SOC is defined as the ratio of ampere-hours (Ah) stored in the battery array at any given time to the maximum Ah capacity of the array. During this process the actual controller subroutine also includes the voltage and current that is available and/or required by each component. However, for the purpose of explanation, the power available or required by various system components can be related to battery SOC. 

The entry paths and entry qualifications of its practitioners were not well defined. This lack of prestige, due to the slowness of academic chemists to recognize the full power and potential of research in the field, offers one explanation for its [biochemistry s] relative openness to women.9... 

A more likely explanation for Rasputin not having been killed by the cyanide was not any superhuman power but that the potassium cyanide may have been allowed to get damp and had degraded into relatively harmless products. There have been other well-documented cases where what should have been lethal doses have been taken without fatal consequences. A combination of food in the stomach and degraded cyanide salts would be enough to account for this. 

Boerhaave s emphasis on the smallest particles of matter and the powers peculiar to every part of the body, means that he moved away from the traditional attention to the nature of the blood. Instead of discussing the relatively big globules of the blood he is far more interested in the smallest vessels and fluids of the nervous system. In his Institutiones medicinae he had already pointed to the importance of the nerves in the explanation of motion and also in the process of nutrition. The last process can only take place in the smallest vessels of which the larger vessels are built. This means that the particles of the chyle are too big and unable to nourish and repair the solid parts of the body. For this reason, Boerhaave argued that nutrition chiefly happens in the nerves, with the nervous juice, which is the most subtle humour prepared from the serum of the blood, feeding the solid parts. Boerhaave called this process one of the ultimate and most perfect actions of nature. ... 

The other alkylaluminum compounds also tend to give overall conversions in line with their Lewis acidities, Et2AlCl > MesAl > EtaAl. Furthermore, with these relatively weaker Lewis adds in conjunction with t-BuCl or t-BuBr initiators, changing the solvent from CHaQ to CHjBr leads to diminished conversions, i.e., poor r-butylation, perhaps because decreased ion pair seimration. In other words, in CHaBr preferential alkylation by the counteranion takes place. While no satisfactory explanation can be offered for this observation, it appeal that the solvating power of CHaBr is lower than that of CH3CI. 

---