Regulator circuit

A way to obtain a highly sensitive microbial sensor for estimation of aromatic compounds was described by Priro and Garcia [106]. Such a microbial sensor has been constructed by coupling the transport system of the aromatic compound 4-hydroxyphenylacetate to a regulator circuit that controls the formation of /1-galactosidase. 

Figure 4.54 TL431 low drop-out linear regulator circuit.

Each sensor is coupled with an NPN transistor that acts as a switch that triggers the SCR and relay in the process controller. This type of sensor operates on 10 to 30 volts, however it is advisable to regulate the voltage input to the sensor at 10 volts for this particular system. The reason is that the maximum gate voltage on the SCRs used is 10 volts, so we used an LM 317 voltage regulator circuit to power the sensors at 10 volts. 

Alternatively the tip can be scanned in a constant tunneling current mode. In this case the actually measured current is fed into an electronic regulation circuit which adjusts the actual tip-surface distance to a value resulting in a constant value of the tunneling current at all probed places. The signal fed into the z-axis piezodrive provides information about the local elevation. This mode works... 

Heating baths are used to heat containers partially inunersed in them and to maintain them at a stable temperature, on some occasions for extended periods. Heating baths should be equipped, as in the case of ovens, with redundant heat controls or automatic cutouts should the temperature regulating circuits fail. The material used in the bath may be flammable, and excessive temperatures could result in afire. 

Recall that with simple current limiting, discussed in Sec. 10.3.4, the current was held constant at some maximum value as the load resistance fell below Rnnn (the minimum value of load resistance for which regulation is provided). This is illustrated in Fig. 10.32(a). Although this offers some degree of protection for the pass transistor and diodes, it is stiU dissipating much power unnecessarily. This is especially undesirable because heat is usually responsible for variation and failure in voltage regulator circuits. 

The term adaptronics designates a system (and its development process) wherein all functional elements of a conventional regulator circuit are existent and at least one element is applied in a multifunctional way. The conformity... 

Summarizing, the regulation circuits of planetary extrusion systems have to be carried out very carefully. When the process reaches the production phase usually regulation circuits are not required if raw material supply and process control can be maintained in a stable status as the measured values are a result thereof. If deviations... 

The nozzle ends were adapted to the shape of the moulding. The manifold is equipped with 11 temperature regulation circuits. To compensate for the thermal expansion in a large manifold, nozzles set in intermediate blocks were used in this design. 

When all three redundant units such as DET, CC, and battery booster (BB) are integrated in the spacecraft power, the data presented in Table 2.6 indicate that the reliability improvement is not impressive. The DET redundant option, however, offers the lowest system cost and system weight as a function of mission duration. The major reliability improvement is due to the shunt regulator circuit used in the DET system as illustrated in Figure 2.5. 

Current through load, being the sum of these two components Figure 10.4 Currents in the step-down switch mode regulator circuit. 

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