Regulation emissions control practices

Since 1975, CATALYSIS has been the only practical way for automotive manufacturers to meet the severe regulation of exhaust gas emission in JAPAN and in the U.S. Similar measures will be applied in Europe in the near future. For numerous economic and technical reasons, automotive emission control catalysts are supported catalysts. This means that the active phase is dispersed on the surface of a catalytically almost inert material. That material is the subject of this investigation. 

In the pulping industry, sulfur oxides emissions represent loss of pulping chemical, but the economic loss is apparently not regarded as very serious, at least in this period of relatively abundant and cheap sulfur. In current practice, much sulfur is evidently lost to become either a water or air pollutant (16, 53, 102), but pollution control regulations are forcing increased recovery and recycling of sulfur and other pulping chemicals. The need to increase heat recovery and use should also influence emission controls. 

The objective of this chapter is to briefly present the current technology for dryer emission control systems via flowcharts, tables, design equations, and practical description of various dryer emissions and control systems. Recent developments, trends, and regulations are also discussed. No attempt is made to give full design details or to include all dryer emission control equipment. Discussion will therefore be limited to some of the better-known, well-proven, and widely used devices. The reader is referred to the literature cited for more details and additional information on specific types of emission control systems mentioned in this chapter. 

Proposals for implementing the 1999 EC Directive on solvent emissions in England and Wales were published by the DETR at the end of July. As expected, the Government is unlikely to opt for a solvent tax or tradable permit scheme, preferring direct regulation on grounds of cost and practicality. Three sectors regulated by the Directive are not controlled already in the UK, or only partly so. They... 

Regulation could duplicate emissions-market results, but most scholars doubt that it does so in practice. Command-and-control regulation, as practiced by the EPA, does not remotely resemble the maximization of expected years of life saved. Instead, two characteristics prevent regulation from easily imitating market results (Crandall 1983). 

There are stringent controls over emissions of particulate matter and solvent vapours—not only must a factory be of standard sufficient to meet the relevant exposure limits (which are controlled under the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974, and subsequent regulations) but manufacturers have a legal duty to ensure that exposure and emissions are (in the official phrase) as low as is reasonably practicable . Specific values as limits for emissions of particulates and vapours are laid down under the Environmental Protection Act, 1990. In effect this means that there must be continuing attention to the maintenance of operating standards, and to the improvement of formulations—and on the latter, paint technologists are following two main lines of advance ... 

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