Region of the Americas

There has been a major shift in the quantities and types of pesticides used in vector control programmes, especially for malaria control. The number of houses sprayed each year for malaria control has decreased from a high of 15 million in 1964 to 1.6 million in 1997. The house spraying rate (number of houses sprayed per 1000 inhabitants) has also decreased from 100 in 1964 to 9 in 1997. The number of cases of malaria has increased from a low of 241462 in 1964 to just over one million cases in 1997. 

Organophosphorus compounds such as malathion and fenitrothion were introduced in 1975 and remained in use in 1997 in seven countries. WP formulations are the most common for indoor residual applications. However, in some countries, notably Brazil and Mexico, malathion and fenitrothion ultra-low-volume (UL) sprays and fogging have also been used as space sprays. In Brazil, malaria has been restricted to the Amazonian region, where precarious housing 

ULV has been commonly used as an abbreviation tor ultra-low-volume formulations. The standard GCPF (formerly GIFAP) 2-character code is UL (8). 

WP formulations of carbamates such as propoxur and bendiocarb were previously used extensively for malaria control in Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama, and sporadically in Mexico and Venezuela. The use of these products has been all but discontinued in the past 10 years except in Costa Rica and Guatemala, where they are still applied in small quantities. 

Countries such as Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua and Venezuela have used pyrethroids for indoor residual applications. Deltamethrin and A,-cyhalothrin have been the most commonly used. In Brazil, deltamethrin (SC and EC), cypermethrin (WP and SC), a-cypermethrin SC, X-cyhalothrin WP and etofenprox WP have been used in different states for house applications. X-Cyhalothrin EC, cypermethrin EC and deltamethrin fog EC have also been used in thermal fogging operations for malaria control. 

---

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Absence of transmission of d9 measles virus Region of the Americas, November 2002-March003. 

The reasons for the dependence of the shrimp farming industry on wild shrimp stocks for seed were partially technical, but mostly economic. For example, in most large shrimp farming regions of the Americas, the PL... 

The average aimual per capita fiber consumption in the decade of the 1990s is about 8 kg. As might be expected from variations in climate and socioeconomic conditions, there are large variations in the per capita fiber consumption for the different regions of the world, ranging from about 1.5 kg in Africa and Asia to about 25 kg in North America. 

No particular contact lens type or product is considered universally superior. In some regions of the world hard lenses dominate the market, eg, some European countries and Japan in other regions, eg. North America and Scandinavia, soft lenses dominate. Contact lens practitioners select their preferred type of lens using criteria other than just lens material properties. However, among soft lenses, HEMA-based lenses are prescribed most often, and among hard lenses, siUcone—acrylate RGP lenses are most common. 

Over the past decade, plastic debris has become a common feature of beaches and coastal waters adjoining populated areas of Europe (36-38), the Mediterranean (39-41), North and Central America (42-44) and New Zealand (45). Plastics are also present in the open ocean both near the major shipping lanes and in the most remote regions of the world (the Arctic (46), the Benguela Current (47), the Cape Basin area of the South Atlantic (48), the Humboldt Current in the South Pacific (49), and the Antarctic (50, 51). 

Bell, M. and Laine, E. P. (1985). Erosion of the Laurentide region of North America by glacial and glaciofluvial processes. Quatern. Res. 23,154-174. 

Growth frequency. In high latitude regions of the globe, periodic advance of glaciers dramatically affected karst regions dripwater flow routes to the cave became permanently frozen, rate of production of soil CO2 was reduced and, in some cases, soil would have been stripped from the surface by ice masses. Harmon et al. (1977) recognized four distinct periods of deposition in the Rocky Mountains of North America... 

The distribution of the various species of malaria is not well defined but P. vivax is reported to be prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, Central America, North Africa, and the Middle East, whereas P. falciparum is predominantly in Africa (including sub-Saharan Africa), both East and West Africa, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, the Amazon region of South America, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Most P. ovale infections occur in Africa, while the distribution of P. malariae is worldwide.7 Most infections in the United States are reported in American travelers, recent immigrants, or immigrants who have visited... 

Both developments are remarkable. In the past few years, the international literature has been enriched by textbooks of psychiatry focusing on Latin America, Asia and Africa, which have proved to be very useful to clinicians in the respective regions, while at the same time providing the international readership with a lot of previously unavailable information. If these textbooks have been useful, even more timely may be this first regional textbook of psychopharmacology, which is likely to improve psychiatric practice in the Asia-Pacific region and represent a model for other regions of the world. 

Nowadays most trials of psychotropic drugs are multicentric, and an increasing number of them are carried out in different regions of the world. However, ethnic variations in response to the tested drugs are rarely a focus of attention in these trials. Moreover, treatment guidelines produced in North America and Europe are often regarded as universally valid, and rarely adapted to other regional contexts. This is still partly due to some reluctance to accept the concept of ethnic variability,... 

Soils altered in the past by human habitation are not difficult to find. Farmers in many regions of North America, for example, noted that the soil of old Indian villages was more productive than adjacent soils. The unique properties of soils from ancient inhabited places have frequently been put to use in many places in the world farmers in the Ashdod area in Israel and El Phosfat in Egypt, for example, used the soil that they excavated from ancient archaeological sites to fertilize the land they cultivated (Wright 1986). 

The toxic impurities of phosphorus ores are conserved in phosphorus fertilizers produced from these ores, and finally they are accumulated in the agroecosystems (see Chapter 13). These pollutants can enter into biogeochemical food webs and increase the ecological risk especially under acid soils distributed in many regions of the World (Europe, Asia and North and South America). 

The potato is a basic food crop in the Andean region of South America, and is an important cash crop in many other sections of Latin America. The investment necessary to produce a crop is considerably higher than in the case of corn, wheat, or beans, and the potato grower is correspondingly more interested in protecting this investment wherever diseases or insects are likely to be a problem. 

In Ayurvedic medicine, coconut oil infused with herbs has been used medicinally for almost 4000 years as an effective treatment for skin diseases caused by infestation with parasites, such as scabies and head lice. Today, about 20 billion coconuts are grown each year, and although the major producers are the Philippines, India, and Indonesia, virtually everywhere the coconut palm grows — in the tropical regions of Latin America and East Africa, as well as Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Philippines — coconut products serve as a dietary staple. ... 

---