Reflection electron spectroscopy

More detail information on the change of electronic state of cobalt ions in activated samples and final products prepared at different temperatures was obtained by diffusion reflectance electron spectroscopy (DRS). In DRS spectra of LiOH+Co(OH)2 mixture (Fig. 6.37a), the intensity of background increases above 15000 cm" as a result of strong distortion of Co(OH)2 structure. New bands at 25000 cm, corresponding to... 

This fact agrees with the diffuse reflectance electron spectroscopy and EXAFS examination of adsorbed complexes (Belskaya et al., 2008, 2011) showing that platinum on the Y-AI2Q3 surface is mainly a component of the hydrolyzed coordinatively anchored complexes. 

FTIR spectroscopy data for the examined catalytic systems were compared with the data of XPS, diffuse reflectance electron spectroscopy, H2 and CO chemisorption for determination of supported metal dispersion, and temperature-programmed reduction as well as with the results of testing in the following catalytic reactions double-bond isomerization of 1-hexene, hydrogenation of benzene and isomerization of n-heptane and cyclohexane. 

The TEM patterns of the freshly prepared specimen point to particles S 1 nm in size to be present, which is confirmed by the SAXS method. The second examination of the sample kept in air did not allow to determine these particles on a support, which may be connected with a decrease of contrast of representation due to oxidation of silver particles in air. This is proved by the data of diffuse reflectance electron spectroscopy. The data of Table 1 indicate that the synthesis of Ag samples from silver cation reduction with electrons solvated in liquid ammonia allows to obtain stable colloidal solution of highly dispersed silver particles of 2-50 nm in size (dp = 3 nm), silver blacks with specific surface of 2.3 and 7.6 m /g, and supported silver samples with a great contribution of particles < 6 nm in size. 

Reflected Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (REELS)... 

Reflected Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy (REELS) has elemental sensitivities on the order of a few tenths of a percent, phase discrimination at the few-percent level, operator controllable depth resolution from several nm to 0.07 nm, and a lateral resolution as low as 100 nm. 

Surface analysis has made enormous contributions to the field of adhesion science. It enabled investigators to probe fundamental aspects of adhesion such as the composition of anodic oxides on metals, the surface composition of polymers that have been pretreated by etching, the nature of reactions occurring at the interface between a primer and a substrate or between a primer and an adhesive, and the orientation of molecules adsorbed onto substrates. Surface analysis has also enabled adhesion scientists to determine the mechanisms responsible for failure of adhesive bonds, especially after exposure to aggressive environments. The objective of this chapter is to review the principals of surface analysis techniques including attenuated total reflection (ATR) and reflection-absorption (RAIR) infrared spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and to present examples of the application of each technique to important problems in adhesion science. 

Further structural information is available from physical methods of surface analysis such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron or Auger electron spectroscopy (XPS), or secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and transmission or reflectance IR and UV/VIS spectroscopy. The application of both electroanalytical and surface spectroscopic methods has been thoroughly reviewed and appropriate methods are given in most of the references of this chapter. 

The first two advantages listed above allow an optical method like transmission or reflection IR spectroscopy to be used for studies which would be impossible for a widely used competitive technique, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). EELS must... 

Vidal F, Busson B, Tadjeddine A, Peremans A. 2003. Effect of a static electric field on the vibrational and electronic properties of a compressed CO adlayer on Pt(l 10) in nonaqueous electrolyte as probed by infia ed reflection-absorption spectroscopy and infi ared-visible sum-fi equency generation spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 119 12492-12498. 

Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy deuterium triglycine sulphate energy compensated atom probe energy dispersive analysis energy-loss near edge structure electron probe X-ray microanalysis elastic recoil detection analysis (see also FreS) electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis extended energy-loss fine structure field emission gun focused ion beam field ion microscope... 

Electronic spectroscopy, often referred to as UV/visible spectroscopy, is a useful instrumental technique for characterising the colours of dyes and pigments. These spectra may be obtained from appropriate samples either in transmission (absorption) or reflection mode. UY/visible absorption spectra of dyes in solution, such as that illustrated in Figure 2.3, provide important information to enable relationships between the colour and the molecular structure of the dyes to be developed. 

Antiblock additives can be seen on the surface of films using optical microscopy or SEM. Identification can normally be achieved with internal reflection IR spectroscopy (e.g., with a germanium crystal to minimise sampling depth) or using an X-ray attachment with the electron microscope. 

REELS Reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy... 

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