Refining, history

Sec also Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi Clausins, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Culture and Energy Usage Ethical and Moral Aspects of Energy Use Gibbs, Jonah Willard Industiy and Business, History of Energy Use and Joule, James Prescott Kinetic Energy, Historical Evolution of the Use of Mayer, Julius Robert von Refining, History of Thomson, William Watt, James. 

S cc also Catalysts Combustion Gasoline and Additives Heat and Heating Petroleum Consumption Refineries Refining, History of. 

Pasminco Port Pirie Smelter is part of the Australian company Pasminco which was formed in 1988. It has a smelting and refining history based on the discovery of the rich lead, zinc and silver deposits at Broken Hill, Australia, over 100 years ago. 

Only a very brief announcement of this major milestone in refining history was made three days later. It was noted that a 10 day run at 120% of design capacity had been achieved and "...that the first large-scale units of such intricate design and revolutionary principle were usually subject to children s diseases, but in this case only the mildest forms occurred and have already been remedied." (21)... 

Despite the fact that refined cane and beet sugar are physically and compositionaHy identical, the histories of their development are very different. The story of both sugars, cane and beet, is woven into historic tales of adventure and discovery. In trade and commerce, today as in the past both industries play major roles. In the Hterature there are many records of the fascinating role of sugar in the destinies of nations in war and peace (3). 

The FCC process has a long history of innovation and will continue to play a key role in the overall success of the refining industry. The continuing developments will primarily be in the areas of catalyst, process, and hardware technologies. 

PET, see Polyethylene terephthalate Petit, Rowland, 524 Petroleum, catalytic cracking of, 100 composition of, 99-100 gasoline from. 99-100 history of, 99 refining of, 99-100 Pharmaceuticals, approval procedure for, 165 origin of, 164 Phenol(s), 599... 

Although acids and bases have been recognized since antiquity, our concepts of them are still the subject of debate and development (Walden, 1929 Hall, 1940 Bell, 1947, 1973 Luder, 1948 KolthofF, 1944 Bjerrum, 1951 Day Selbin, 1969 Jensen, 1978 Finston Rychtman, 1982). The history of these concepts is a long one and can be seen as a prolonged and continuous refinement of inexact and commonsense notions into precise scientific theories. It has been a long and difficult journey and one that is by no means ended. 

Pipelines have a long history. In ancient times, pipelines were used for water transport. Examples are still visible in archeologic areas. However, it is clear that these early constructions could not bear large pressures. The advent of gas pipelines started between 1820 and 1830 with the distribution of town gas. Nowadays pipelines are indispensable in petroleum industries for the transport of various materials, including natural gas, crude oil of various types, and refined products. 

Various pollution prevention case histories have been documented for nonferrous metals refining industries. In particular, the actions of the AMPCO Metal Manufacturing Company, Inc., typify industry efforts to simultaneously lessen the impact of the industrial process on the environment, reduce energy consumption, and lower production costs.1... 

Operation refinement, then, means to write code that conforms to an effects spec, which can be tested by writing the spec in executable form. Operational is the form of abstraction having the longest history, dating back to Turing. Those who crave mathematical certainty that their code conforms to the spec are referred to [Morgan] or [Hoare]. 

Model refinement has the second longest history, dating back to VDM and Z in the 1970s. 

How do proteins fold into their native structures To study the mechanism of protein folding is to seek an answer to this question. The astronomically large number of possible conformations suggests that proteins use some sort of directed mechanisms to fold. Under evolutionary pressure, these mechanisms have been refined such that proteins can fold reasonably quickly to well-defined functionally useful structures. We will review briefly the history of protein folding studies and discuss the theoretical studies in more detail. We will concentrate on recent developments and give a brief perspective of the future. 

The function of TOGA is to transform the results of chemical analysis, together with descriptive information about a transformer, into a diagnosis of transformer condition and a recommended action. The rules were created by a process of successive refinement, using the HSB data base of past transformer histories as a source of test cases. 

Copper, being easy to mine and refine, has become a very versatile metal over the course of civilization. Early in human history, it was discovered that soft copper could be made harder and stronger when alloyed with other metals. Copper was and still is important to technology and the development of civilizations. Over the past several thousand years, brass has found multiple uses, such as in coins, cooking utensils, and many types of instruments and hardware that are resistant to corrosion. Even today, brass is used to make musical instruments and bathroom, kitchen, and marine hardware. The U.S. one-cent penny was originally made of copper, but today the penny is made of zinc with a coating of copper. Copper is also an alloy metal used as a substitute for some of the silver in several other U.S. coins. 

The Bayer Process, patented by Karl Josef Bayer in 1888 (Pearson (1)) is still widely adopted in refining alumina trihydrate from bauxite. Despite its long history, the unit operations involved in the process have remained basically unchanged with the reversible reaction below as its backbone. 

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