Refining effluent

The refinery effluent is in fact comparable to the municipal sanitary wastewater plant effluent. These data are presented in the last column of Table II. As can be seen, PNA levels in the municipal effluent are in close agreement with those from the refining effluent. 

Reducing refining effluent COD requires the implementation of numerous oxidation reactions. The main agent is generally the oxygen in the air. The reactions may be ... 

These activities are derived directly from the refining industry. The study of refining effluents already includes steam cracking discharges which are very similar. 

Tests employing the less-efficient distillations, D 86, D 1160, and D 1078 are generally conducted on refined products while those giving a detailed analysis, D 2887 and D 2892, are concerned mostly with crude oils and feeds to and effluents from conversion units. 

Formulation consists of mixing the effluent streams coming from the different refining units in order to obtain products conforming to the specifications. It is also at this point that additives are added, the reasons for which and whose action will be described later. One can easily see that as far as octane numbers are concerned, or for that matter any other parameter, the... 

There are no fumes or effluents generated in the processing of powders and the requirements of state and federal environmental protection agencies are met without difficulty. However, the production of powders has been subjected to the same concerns as most other metal refining and smelting operations. 

In the case of low temperature tar, the aqueous Hquor that accompanies the cmde tar contains between 1 and 1.5% by weight of soluble tar acids, eg, phenol, cresols, and dihydroxybenzenes. Both for the sake of economics and effluent purification, it is necessary to recover these, usually by the Lurgi Phenosolvan process based on the selective extraction of the tar acids with butyl or isobutyl acetate. The recovered phenols are separated by fractional distillation into monohydroxybenzenes, mainly phenol and cresols, and dihydroxybenzenes, mainly (9-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), methyl (9-dihydtoxybenzene, (methyl catechol), and y -dihydroxybenzene (resorcinol). The monohydric phenol fraction is added to the cmde tar acids extracted from the tar for further refining, whereas the dihydric phenol fraction is incorporated in wood-preservation creosote or sold to adhesive manufacturers. Naphthalene Oils. Naphthalene is the principal component of coke-oven tats and the only component that can be concentrated to a reasonably high content on primary distillation. Naphthalene oils from coke-oven tars distilled in a modem pipe stiU generally contain 60—65% of naphthalene. They are further upgraded by a number of methods. 

Dissolved Air Flotation. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is used to separate suspended soflds and oil and grease from aqueous streams and to concentrate or thicken sludges. Air bubbles carry or float these materials to the surface where they can be removed. The air bubbles are formed by pressurizing either the influent wastewater or a portion of the effluent in the presence of air. When the pressurized stream enters the flotation tank which is at atmospheric pressure, the dissolved air comes out of solution as tiny, microscopic bubbles. Dissolved air flotation is used in many wastewater treatment systems, but in the United States it is perhaps best known with respect to hazardous waste because it is associated with the Hsted waste, K048, DAF flotation soflds from petroleum refining wastewaters. Of course, the process itself is not what is hazardous, but the materials it helps to remove from refining wastewaters. 

The first technique is to draw an envelope with the reactor effluent as the inlet stream and the product flows as the outlet streams. Stream.s from other units must be included. The flow rates and compositions of the entering and leaving streams are then totaled. The net is the rciictor effluent. This is the method practiced by most refiners. 

Refining operations have two principal wastestreams, waste electrolyte and cathode and anode washwater. Spent electrolyte is normally recycled. A bleed stream is treated to reduce copper and impurity concentration. Varying degrees of treatment are necessary because of the differences in the anode copper. Anode impurities, including nickel, arsenic, and traces of antimony and bismuth, may be present in the effluent if the spent electrolyte bleed stream is discharged. Tables 3.14 and 3.15 present classical and toxic pollutant data for raw wastewater in this subcategory. 

Many of the above processes may potentially be applicable to desulfurization of gaseous effluent streams produced from refining operations. The economics of the processes will have to be compared with existing processes to evaluate their commercialization potential. 

The efficiencies of protein (75-80%) and starch (88-93%) recoveries by the dry process were higher than the 73-79% recoveries by wet processing, and there were no losses of solids in the whey and wash water or need for effluent recovery. The starch fraction was similar to refined starch in most functional properties except for a low amylograph viscosity. 

Graves, D.C. (2004) STRATCO Effluent refrigerated H2S04 alkylation process, in Handbook of Petroleum Refining... 

Presently there are no EPA pretreatment standards for the oil and gas extraction (oilfield) point source category. The EPA pretreatment standards for discharge from existing and new petroleum refining facilities to publicly owned treatment works include 100 mg/L each for oil and grease (O G) and ammonia (as N). For new facilities a total chromium concentration of 1 mg/L for the cooling tower discharge part of the refinery effluent is also required (40 CPR Part 419). 

Table 13 Effluent Standards for Five Subcategories of the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category... 

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