References formatting, overview

We have planned every chapter to be self-contained. Each commences with a general overview, before the core material is presented in depth this is followed by a list of questions that should prove useful for both students and their lecturers. Finally, there are several key articles, followed by a list of further references. Many of the chapters in this book have been tested out on our students. Not only did they report that the chapters were all excellent (in feedback sessions that were obviously not blind ) they also informed us that they particularly liked this reference format. They found it useful when writing essays, preparing projects and, most importantly, when cramming for exams. 

A VMP should be divided into chapters covering different subjects. First, an introduction should state the manufacture s validation policy, general description of the scope of those validation activities covered by the VMP, and their objectives, derivation, location, and schedule. Then, it must declare all validation activities and their organizational structure in terms of personnel responsibility for the VMP, validation protocols, validation work, report and document preparation projects, approval of the same validation protocols, reports in all stages of validation processes, and the training needs in support of validation. Other requirements of the VMP are cross references to other documents and to specific characteristics of the processes that are critical for yielding a quality product. Next, all validation activities comprised in the VMP should be summarized and compiled in a matrix format. Such a matrix should provide an overview and contain all items covered by the VMP that... 

Cyclopropanation reactions are one set in an array of C-C bond-forming transformations attributable to metal carbenes (Scheme 5.1) and are often mistakenly referred to by the nonspecific term carbenoid. Both cyclopropanation and cyclopropenation reactions, as well as the related aromatic cycloaddition process, occur by addition. Ylide formation is an association transformation, and insertion requires no further definition. All of these reactions occur with diazo compounds, preferably those with at least one attached carbonyl group. Several general reviews of diazo compounds and their reactions have been published recently and serve as valuable references to this rapidly expanding field [7-10]. The book by Doyle, McKervey, and Ye [7] provides an intensive and thorough overview of the field through 19% and part of 1997. 

Analysis of hydrate formation data can be obtained from a tabulation of gas consumption during hydrate formation as a function of time measured in stirred reactors. Formation data thus require either a table (or a plot) of individual experiments. Such a prospect is not viable in this monograph, since the literature hydrate formation data contain a large number of experiments with questionable transferability between apparatuses. Instead an overview of experimental conditions is presented below. The reader is referred to theses and subsequent publications of Englezos (1986), Dholobhai (1989), Skovborg (1993), Bansal (1994), and Turner (2005) for typical data. 

Table 6.3 provides a summary of the different microscopic techniques that have been applied to hydrate studies and the type of information that can be obtained from these tools. The following discussion provides a brief overview of the application of diffraction and spectroscopy to study hydrate structure and dynamics, and formation/decomposition kinetics. For information on the principles and theory of these techniques, the reader is referred to the following texts on x-ray diffraction (Hammond, 2001), neutron scattering (Higgins and Benoit, 1996), NMR spectroscopy (Abragam, 1961 Schmidt-Rohr and Spiess, 1994), and Raman spectroscopy (Lewis and Edwards, 2001). 

This book is the first comprehensive overview of planet formation, in which astronomers, cosmochemists, and laboratory astrophysicists jointly discuss the latest insights from the Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes, new interferometers, space missions including Stardust and Deep Impact, and laboratory techniques. Following the evolution of solids from their genesis through protoplanetary disks to rocky planets, the book discusses in detail how the latest results from these disciplines fit into a coherent picture. This volume provides a clear introduction and valuable reference for students and researchers in astronomy, cosmochemistry, laboratory astrophysics, and planetary sciences. 

In this article, we provide a brief overview of the fundamental aspects of amyloids by focusing on the common features of amyloid fibrils, which include their mechanisms of formation and their cytoxicity. From the vast and ever-growing amyloid hterature, we cite several key papers and some interesting historical references, and we provide citations to several recent review articles. 

Although, being an integral part of purine chemistry, discussion of their ligand properties in metal complex formation would expand the frame of this section. For an excellent overview the reader is referred to ref 82 and literature cited therein. 

In all but extreme climates, the upper portion of the soil profile is extensively occupied by plant roots, which remove both water and mineral nutrients. Plants and other biota (such as insects and small mammals) create extensive networks of voids often referred to as macropores, which result in a heterogeneous, biporous (i.e., there are two porosity values, for micro- and macropores), and structurally very complex material. Macropores (and pipes, which are larger, continuous macropores) can play a significant role in water transport, although the exact role of flow through macropores versus flow through the rest of the soil matrix is not completely understood. For an overview of the types and mechanisms of formation of macropores, the reader is referred to Beven and Germann (1982). 

Following the CTD format, a generic application must contain Module I (administrative information), Module II (overviews and summaries) and Module III (quality). Bioequivalence data, as they refer to clinical experimentation, are submitted in a separate binder, following the numbering system of Module V (Section 5.3.1.2). 

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