Reference sites lakes

Ryckman et al. [74] studied the incidence and temporal trends of bill deformities in double-crested cormorants in the Canadian Great Lakes. While the prevalence of bill-deformities was higher than in reference sites (Lake Nipigon and Lake-of-the-Woods), there were no differences in incidence among colonies in the Great Lakes between 1988 and 1996. Given the relatively low (and even) concentrations of PCDD/Fs in cormorant eggs (Table 8), if the cross-bill deformity was AHR-mediated, it was likely to be due to PCBs. 

Yellow perch, Perea flavescens Michigan 1993 Torch Lake (34 pg Cu/L) vs. reference site (10 pg Cu/L) Ovaries Testes... 

Canada northern Ontario August 1988 Lake Manitouwadge (contaminated) vs. Lake Wowun (reference site)... 

Lake St. Clair Virginia, mercury-contaminated site vs. reference site, 1986-87 0.5—2.0 FW 1... 

Kirby, G.M., J.R. Bend, I.R. Smith, and M.A. Hayes. 1990. The role of glutathione s-transferases in the hepatic metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene in white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) from polluted and reference sites in the Great Lakes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 95C 25-30. 

Barn swallow, Hirundo rustics, 1986-87 Martin Lake, Texas (selenium-contaminated) vs. reference site Eggs... 

Eggs upper Great Lakes 1986-91 total PCBs Eggs 1990-91 near Lake Ontario (contaminated site) vs. reference site PCB 77 PCB 105 PCB 118 PCB 126 PCB 169... 

In order to better understand the wavelengths responsible for PAH phototoxicity from mixtures found in sediments around the Great Lakes, Diamond et al. [183] sampled amphipods (Gammarus spp.) from the Duluth/Superior Harbor, the St. Louis Rivers, which flows into the Harbor, both sites contaminated with point source PAHs and a non-contaminated reference site. These amphipods were exposed to UVA and UVB in separate experiments. The UVA exposed animals showed increased mortality where UVB exposed animals showed no effect. While amphipods are not likely to be exposed to UV in the field, their sensitivity to UV in the laboratory would indicate that organisms that spend part of their life cycle near the sediments and move higher in the water column later might be susceptible to phototoxicity. 

Figure 7 Temporal distribution of total sedimentary lead in sediment cores from (a) urban reservoirs, (b) suburban reservoirs and lakes, and (c) atmospheric reference site reservoirs.

Initially, a low volume system was installed at Skua Lake, but this was changed in 1991-1992 to match the high volume air samplers around the station. The data from Skua Lake indicated that the site had become affected by anthropic activities. Thus, it was decided to have a new reference site at Campo Icaro situated about 2000 m S from the main camp and 20 m asl. From the 1994-1995 a high volume air sampler of the same type as all the others was installed there. 

To the data from the preliminary reference sites coming out as a result of this impact sieve, we added information from monitoring data on biological quality elements. If the data only showed slight deviation from what is described as high status, the lake was classified as a true reference lake according to the Water Framework Directive. 

Lake County just south of Lower Lake, and lies at a distance of about 40 km from population B, the northernmost of the Sonoma County sites. Populations D1 and D2 lie about 9km west of population C and are separated from each other by about 300m. It is very likely that these two populations were at one time a single large population, but construction of Cahfomia Rt. 29, with associated roadside maintenance, has effectively separated them (refer to any California atlas for details). Other sites reported in the literature, or represented by voucher specimens, could not be located, owing to the heavy impact of commercial development in this area of California. 

A maximum trichloroethylene level of 9.9 ppb was found in sediment from Liverpool Bay, England (Pearson and McConnell 1975). Sediment levels from nondetectable to 0.2 ppb (wet weight) trichloroethylene were found in Lake Pontchartrain near New Orleans (Ferrario et al. 1985). An analysis of the EPA STORET Data Base (1980-1982) found that trichloroethylene had been positively detected in sediment samples taken at 6% of 338 observation stations, with median levels of <5 pg/kg (dry weight) (<5 ppb) (Staples et al. 1985). The observation stations included both "ambient" and "pipe" sites. Ambient sites include streams, lakes, and ponds and are intended to be indicative of general U.S. waterway conditions. Pipe sites refer to municipal or industrial influents or effluents. 

Depending on the state where the industrial plant is located, an aqueous effluent from a pretreatment facility or a complete end-of-pipe treatment facility can be discharged into a river, a lake, or an ocean, only if it meets the pretreatment standards and the effluent discharge standards established by the regulatory agencies, in accordance with the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) or the State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES). The standards can be industry-specific, chemical-specific, or site-specific, or all three. The readers are referred to other chapters of this handbook series for the details. 

Error bars are standard error of the mean. Also included for reference is the weekly mass concentration measured at the Mono Lake sampling site. Error bars are 15% measurement system error. 

Figure 16. Outflow chemistry from two snowmelt seasons (1986 and 1987) at Emerald Lake, a high-elevation lake in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. Maximum N03 concentrations are coincident with ANC minima during the early stages of snowmelt in 1986 and with a rain-on-snow event in 1987. Nitrate episodes are smaller in magnitude than at sites in the eastern United States, hut western lakes may he more susceptible to episodic acidification because they have a lower baseline acid-neutralizing capacity than most eastern lakes. (Reproduced with permission from reference 180. Copyright 1991 American Geophysical Union.)...

Water refers to the release of chemicals into rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, and other bodies of surface water from all discharge points at the facility This category includes the release from on-site waste-water treatment systems, open trenches, and stormwater runoff. 

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