Double-crested cormorant

Thus, as with studies on the double-crested cormorant in the Great Lakes (see Chapter 16 in Walker et al. 2006), there is evidence of a continuing (although reduced) effect of p,p -DDE on reproductive success even after environmental levels had fallen and eggshell thinning was much less. This raises the possibility that p,p -DDE may have had toxic effects other than eggshell thinning on these species (Nisbet 1989). There is the further complication that other OCs such as PCBs, dieldrin, and hep-tachlor epoxide were present in the same samples and may have had toxic effects. 

Ludwig, J.P., Kurita-Matsuba, H.J., and Auman, M.E. et al. (1996). Deformities, PCDDs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants and Caspian terns of the Upper Great Lakes 1986-1991 testing a cause-effect hypothesis. Journal of Great Lakes Research 22, 172-197. 

Tillett, D.E.G., Ankley, D.T., and Giesy, J.R et al. (1992). PCB residues and egg mortality in double crested cormorants from the Great Lakes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11, 1281-1288. 

Henny CJ, Blus LJ, Thompson SP, Wilson UW. 1989. Environmental contaminants, human disturbances and nesting of double-crested cormorants in northwestern Washington (USA). Colon Waterbirds 12 198-206. 

Sepulveda MS, Poppenga RH, Arrecis JJ, Quinn LB. 1998. Mercury and selenium concentrations in free-ranging in tissues from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from southern Florida. Colonial Waterbirds 2T35M2. 

TCDD/kg FW egg into yolks of the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) prior to incubation produced an LD50 at hatch of 4.0 pg/kg hepatic EROD activities were elevated in all treatment groups when compared to controls, but development was normal (Powell et al. 1998). 

Powell, D.C., RJ. Aulerich, J.C. Meadows, D.E. Tillitt, M.E. Kelly, K.L. Stromborg, M.J. Melancon, S.D. Fitzgerald, and SJ. Bursian. 1998. Effects of 3,3, 4,4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorod-ibenzo-p-dioxin injected into the yolks of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs prior to incubation. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17 2035-2040. 

Sanderson, J.T., RJ. Nosstrom, J.E. Elliott, L.E. Hart, K.M. Cheng, and G.D. Bellward. 1994b. Biological effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls in double-crested cormorant chicks (Phalacrocorax auritus). Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 41 247-265. 

Henshel, D.S., J.W. Martin, R.J. Norstrom, J. Elliott, K.M. Cheng, and J.C. DeWitt. 1997. Morphometric brain abnormalities in double-crested cormorant chicks exposed to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls. Jour. Great hikes Res. 23 11-26. 

Ludwig, J.R, et al., Deformities, PCBs, and TCDD-equivalents in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and Caspian terns (Sterna caspia) of the upper Great Lakes, 1986-1991 Testing a cause-effect hypothesis, J. Great Lakes Res., 22, 172, 1996. 

Meadows, J.C. Tillitt, D.E. Schwartz, T.R. Schroeder, D.J. Echols, K.R. Gale, R.W. Powell, D.C. Bursian, S.J. 1996, Organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorants from Green Bay, Wisconsin 1. Large-scale extraction and isolation from eggs using semi-permeable membrane dialysis. Arch. Environ. Con. Tox. 31 218-224. 

Double-crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus Whole, 1983 4 FW 14... 

Jones, P.D., J.P. Giesy, J.L. Newsted, D.A. Verbrugge, J.P. Ludwig, M.E. Ludwig, H.J. Auman, R. Crawford, D.E. Tillitt, T.J. Kubiak, and D.A. Best. 1994. Accumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents by double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus, Pelicaniformes) chicks in the North American Great Lakes. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 27 192-209. 

Three studies have looked at PCDD/F concentrations in eggs of double-crested cormorants in the Great Lakes. These are summarized in Table 8. 

Table 8 Concentrations (ng kg 1 fresh weight) of PCDD/Fs in double-crested cormorant eggs from the Great Lakes, 1988-1991... 

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