Red pine

Lake states jack pine and red pine white pine and tamarack red oak, aspen, and maple birch... 

Rot-kali, n. red prussiate of potash (potassium ferricyanide). -kiefer,/. red pine, -klee, m. red clover, -kohl, m. red cabbage, -kohle, /. red charcoal, -kupfer, -kupfererz, n. red copper, red copper ore (cuprite), -lauf, m. erysipelas. 

The study of allelopathy has a long history. According to Rice (j>), Lee and Monsi (6 ) found a report by Banzan Kumazawa in a Japanese document sane 300 years old that rain or dew washing the leaves of red pine (Pinus densiflora) was harmful to crops growing under the pine. This was substantiated by these workers (6j in a series of experiments. Historically, this is considered to be the first report on allelopathy. 

Serpula lacrymans Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) 15 61 Takahashi eta/. (1 989)... 

To visualize whether or not wood can be delignified by laccase III, ultraviolet photomicrographs (280nm) were taken before and after treatment of 0.5 mjLt cross-sections of red pine with laccase III (Figure 11). After enzyme treatment areas having an absorbance less than 0.2 in the secondary wall, and an absorbance less than 0.4 in the middle lamella, appeared. Each part of the secondary wall, middle lamella, and cell junction was subjected to ultraviolet microscopy, and absorption curves in the 240-300nm region were determined. The absorption curves of three samples after treatment... 

Figure 11. Ultraviolet photomicrographs of 0.5 micron cross-sections of red pine at 280nm. (A) and (B) were taken before and after treatment with laccase III. Absorbance units of 0.20-0.40 were indicated as 20-40.

Vegetation under the trees in Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora, forests is sparse despite the fact that the interior of these forests is one of the brightest among forests (22,23). Many other forests have dense undergrowths of herbs in spite of much lower light intensities. Various parts of red pine and the soil under it contained chemicals toxic to many potential understory plants. Thus, it was concluded that allelopathy probably plays an important role in retarding understory growth. 

Superintendent W. H. Brener of Griffith State Nursery, Wisconsin Rapids, Wis., noted that spring-sown red pine was much more susceptible than fall-sown beds, both sprayed on June 3,1949, with 75 gallons per acre. Germination in the two lots occurred, respectively, aroimd May 21 and May 1 to 7. His observations indicate that a 2- or 3-week difference in age was a considerable factor in relative oil-resistance. 

Kodan A, Kuroda H, Sakai F. 2002. Stilbene synthase from Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) implications for phytoalexin accumulation and down-regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99 3335-3339. 

Quideau, S. A., and J. G. Bockheim. 1997. Biogeochemical cycling following planting to red pine on a sandy prairie soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 26 1167-1175. 

Baldock, J. A., and Smernik, R. J. (2002). Chemical composition and bioavailability of thermally altered Pinus resinosa (Red pine) wood. Org. Geochem. 33,1093-1109. 

Baldock, J. A., Sewell, T., and Flatcher, P. G. (1997). Decomposition induced changes in the chemical structure of fallen red pine, white spruce and tamarack logs. In Driven by Nature Plant Litter Quality and Decomposition, Cadisch, G., and Giller, K. E., eds., CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 75-83. 

Prasad, R. and J.C. Feng (1990). Spotgun-applied hexazinone Release of red pine (Pinus resinosa) from quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) competition and residue persistence in soil. Weed Technol., 4 371-375. 

Other possibilities are a) surface tension, b) molecular size, c) chemical activity, d) solvency, and e) ability to swell wood. Some of these factors may be operative in treatments with propylene oxide which have been carried out by Rowell (33). In this study, he used a mixture of 95% propylene oxide and 5% triethyl-amine (v/v). He was able to completely treat southern pine and red pine heartwood, both of which were classified as being refractory. This work clearly shows that with the proper treating medium, heartwood can be fully penetrated. 

Pierce H. D., Jr, de Groot P., Borden J. H., Ramaswamy S. and Oehlschlager, A. C. (1995) Pheromones in the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins, and its synonym, C. banksianae McPherson (Coleoptera Scolytidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21, 169-185. 

Yamanaka, T. (1995b). Nitrification in a Japanese red pine forest soil treated with a large amount of urea. /. Jap. For. Soc. 77, 232-238. 

Decomposing litter as a sink for N-enriched additions to an oak and red pine plantation. Forest Ecology and Management, 196, 71-87. 

Figure 1 Effect of acetylation on the decay resistance of wood against Tyromyces palustris (A). Serpula lacrymans (B), Coriolus versicolor (C), and soil burial (D). (O) Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), ( ) Japanese red pine Pinus densiflora) (A) albizzia (Albizia falcata), (A) Japanese beech (Fagus crenata). Relative weight loss = Wj/Wi X 100, W, weight loss of control wood W2. weight loss of acetylated wood.

Bormann et al. (1998) attempted to determine whether rates of weathering of primary minerals were being underestimated due to failure to include weathering products accumulating in the biomass and in soil. They compared two sandbox ecosystems (large monitored lysimeters) at Hubbard Brook, NH, one with red pine and the other relatively nonvegetated (containing sporadic lichens and mosses). 

Long-term studies of litter decomposition have been primarily conducted in temperate forested ecosystems (Aber et ai, 1990 Berg, 1984b Berg and Staaf, 1980 Melillo et aL, 1989). In a 77-month litterbag study at the Harvard Forest, MA, Melillo and co-workers (Aber et aL, 1990 Melillo et al., 1989) found that for two litters (red pine needles and paper birch leaves), decomposition can be described by a two-phase system ... 

Figure 11 Percent of original mass remaining for red pine needle litter (filled diamonds) and paper birch foliage litter (open squares) versus time in months (sources Melillo et aL, 1989 Aber et al., 1990).

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