Recycling life cycle assessment

This third edition fixes some of the errors that, despite our best efforts, found their way into the previous editions. Unfortunately, we re sure that we have still not found them all We have expanded and updated the discussion of biobased plastics such as PLA and PHA, plastics recycling, life cycle assessment, and a variety of other topics. 

Key words fuel cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cell, PEMFC, recycling, life cycle assessment, LCA. 

Adhesives and resins are one of the most important raw materials in wood-based panels. Thus, each question concerning the life cycle assessment and the recycling of bonded wood panels does bring into question the adhesive resins used. This includes, for example, the impact of the resin on various environmental aspects such as waste water and effluents, emission of noxious volatile chemicals during production and from the finished boards, or the reuse for energy generation of wood panels. The type of resin has also a crucial influence on feasibility and efficiency for several material recycling processes. 

Arena U, Mastellone M, Perugini F (2003) Life cycle assessment of a plastic packaging recycling system. Int J Life Cycle Assess 8(2) 92-98... 

Duval D, MacLean HL (2007) The role of product information in automotive plastics recycling a financial and life cycle assessment. J Cleaner Prod 15(11-12) 1158-1168... 

Keywords Additives, Chemicals, Impurities, Life cycle assessment (LCA), Paper, Printing industry, Recycling... 

See also Bio- entries Life cycle analysis, 72 813. See also Life cycle assessment (LCA) in plastics recycling, 27 447... 

Life cycle assessment (analysis) involves the determination of the total enviromnental impact of the nse of the material from when the raw materials are extracted, through the processing and utilization of the material, possible recycling and ultimate disposal. 

By way of alternative to UBS plastisols, an underbody hard shell not only reduces the release of plasticisers during the usage phase. Due to reduced weight and reduced air resistance (CW value) fuel consumption of vehicles is also reduced, which has a positive effect as part of a life-cycle assessment. After dismantling the plastic part can be recycled separately. 

The use of cross-functional teamwork can enhance the benefits that can be realized during each component of the LCA process. This underscores the fact that the life-cycle assessment is a dynamic and iterative process of evaluation. In order for this dynamism to be fostered, the LCA must encompass as much of the life cycle of the product, process, or activity, as possible. This will necessarily include total cost of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, and distribution use/reuse/maintenance recycling, and final disposal (Fava and Page, 1992). 

Other life-cycle assessments have been conducted on postconsumer-use recycling. One of these studies by Rios et al.,131 focused on the end-of-life recycling of plastics used in electronics. The focus of this paper was on the separation and sorting of various types of plastics for recycling. Another study53... 

Furuholt, E., Life cycle assessment of gasoline and diesel, Resources, Conserv. Recycl., 14, 251-263, 1995. 

Song, H.-S. and Hyun, J.C., A study on the comparison of the various waste management scenarios for Pet bottles using life-cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, Resources, Conserv. Recycl. 27, 267-284, 1999. 

Zabaniotou, A. and Kassidi, E., Life cycle assessment applied to egg packaging made from polystyrene and recycled paper, J. Cleaner Prod. II, 549-559, 2003. 

This report discusses the options for feedstock recycling of plastics waste, including aspects of the environmental and economic pros and cons relating to feedstock recycling in comparison with incineration or mechanical recycling of municipal solid waste, based on a number of life cycle assessments. Particular reference is made to the experience of the TNO-CML Centre of Chain Analysis.485 refs. 

A discussion is presented on the switch by some councils and local housing associations from PVC to timber despite the Department for Environment, Food Rural Affairs life cycle assessment of PVC, which found that there was little to chose between PVC and alternative materials. The issue of recycling of PVC window profiles is also considered. 

F. Perugini, U. Arena and M. L. Mastellone, A life cycle assessment of mechanical and feedstock recycling options for management of plastic packaging wastes, Env. Progress, 24(2), 137-154 (2005). 

With the growing awareness for the protection of the environment, there is a greater need for producers to improve the environmental profile of their products. Consumers and regulatory bodies expect more information on the effects of products on the environment during their manufacture, use, and disposal. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as a holistic approach to assess the impact of a product throughout its life cycle. An important aspect of LCA is recycling and waste management. 

Klopffer W (1996) Allocation rule for open-loop recycling in life cycle assessment - a review. Int J Life Cycle Assessment 1(1) 27-31... 

Examples of commercial applications are scarce up to now (cf Section 5.3 use of ILs has been considered for a series of specific questions). The scaling-up of IL syntliesis procedures is normally without problems however, the commercialization and/or transport of the ionic liquids raise the question of their registration (EINECS for Europe or equivalents see Section 5.4). Disposal and recycle of ILs are important concerns and have to be considered on a case-by-case basis. And Ionic liquids are not always green - as has been stated by Rogers et al. [42], From the standpoint of life cycle assessment and hazard analysis ILs are clearly not recommendable for industrial use, especially if those with PFg or BF4 as anions are concerned. And it is obviously no wonder that recent new developments such as BMIM octylsulfate have been emphasized as even greener ionic liquids [43],... 

Life cycle assessment, energy and raw material balances, recycling and reuse Reduction of emissions during the production and the use of wood-based panels... 

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