Recycled, term

Portion of recyclables separated by the homeowner for recycling (termed capture rate)... 

The impact of the regulations in Table 4 is to require users and producers of VOC ketones to limit release by either reformulating to new solvent systems, to install environmental control systems which recover and recycle solvents, or reduce emissions with carbon absorption beds or incineration equipment. The use of some individual ketones will decline further, but the overall short-term use of ketones is forecast to remain stable (10). 

The minerals processing industry has made contributions to all areas of technology, both in terms of products and processing. Technologies developed in the mineral industry are used extensively in the chemicals industry as well as in municipal and industrial waste treatment and recycling industry, eg, scrap recycling, processing of domestic refuse, automobiles, electronic scrap, battery scrap, and decontamination of soils. 

A conservative estimate of the total value of the products from the mineral industry is ca 3.9 trillion ia terms of 1992 dollars (4). This estimate does not include the value of products derived from secondary sources such as recycling (qv) or reclamation. Secondary recovery is significant for certain commodities. For example, in 1992 ca 30% of the world steel (qv) production, 46% of the world refined lead output, 15% of the world refined copper (qv) production, and ca 30% of the aluminum (see Aluminumand ALUMINUM alloys) output from the Western world were clearly identified as being derived from scrap. The value of the world mineral commodity export trade in 1992 was ca 616,698 million ia 1992 dollars. This accounted for ca 18% of all commodities exported (4). 

Cycle stock (recycle stock) denotes any product that is recycled, that is, taken back to an earlier stage in the process. The term cycle stock is also used for the gas oil-like product of catalytic cracking. 

Ammonia Synthesis and Recovery. The purified synthesis gas consists of hydrogen and nitrogen in about 3 1 molar ratio, having residual inerts (CH Ar, sometimes He). The fresh make-up gas is mixed with the loop recycle and compressed to synthesis pressures. AH modern synthesis loops recycle the unreacted gases because of equiUbrium limitations to attain high overall conversions. The loop configurations differ in terms of the pressure used and the point at which ammonia is recovered. 

The term oil includes a variety of liquid or easily liquefiable, unctuous, combustible substances that are soluble in ether but not in water and that leave a greasy stain on paper and cloth. These substances can include animal, vegetable, and synthetic oils, but usually the word oil refers to a mineral oil produced from petroleum (qv). An oil that has been used or contaminated, or both, but not consumed, can often be recycled to regain a useful material, regardless of its origin. For the purposes of this article, only the recycling of used petroleum oils is considered. 

Typically, a baffle condenses a vapor flow to a Hquid in such a way that Hquid can drain off for recycle. A weU-designed and useful trap, on the other hand, catches and retains condensables such as water and the higher vapor pressure fraction of the working fluid of a pump. Although the terms baffle and trap seem to describe the same type of function, namely, to slow down but not prevent the rate at which some species of molecules pass through, traps can completely stop some molecular species (23). 

The elemental composition of the three maceral groups varies. The vitrinite, which frequently is about 85% of the sample in the United States, is similar to the patent coal. The liptinites are richer in hydrogen, whereas the inertinites are relatively deficient in hydrogen and richer in carbon. The liptinites also contain more aliphatic materials the inertinites are richer in aromatics. The term inertinite refers to the relative chemical inertness of this material, making it especially undesirable for Hquefaction processes because it tends to accumulate in recycled feedstock streams. 

Specification for Particulates Feed, recycle, and product from size reduction operations are defined in terms of the sizes involved. It is also important to have an understanding of the degree of aggregation or agglomeration that exists in the measured distribution. 

Sohd wastes are all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally sohd and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. The term as used in this subsection is all-inclusive, and it encompasses the heterogeneous mass of throwaways. The three R s should be apphed to Sohd Wastes Reuse, Recycle, and Reduce. When these nave been implemented, management of residual solid waste can be addressed. 

Cropley made general recommendations to develop kinetic models for compUcated rate expressions. His approach includes first formulating a hyperbolic non-linear model in dimensionless form by linear statistical methods. This way, essential terms are identified and others are rejected, to reduce the number of unknown parameters. Only toward the end when model is reduced to the essential parts is non-linear estimation of parameters involved. His ten steps are summarized below. Their basis is a set of rate data measured in a recycle reactor using a sixteen experiment fractional factorial experimental design at two levels in five variables, with additional three repeated centerpoints. To these are added two outlier... 

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