Aliphatic materials

Calculated from X-ray data as reported in crystal structure. 

The cell constants reported by Cady and Smith (1962) are actually those of a hemihydrate of HMX (Main et al. 1985) and not those of the y form (as recognized also by a different REFCODE in the CSD). This misnomer has also been perpetuated in Kohno et al. (1996). Cady and Smith did cite a report by Krc (1955) that gave the following cell constants for the y form (no space group indicated) a = 16.80, b = 7.95 c = 10.97 k, p = 130°, Z = 4, and indicated that these could not be transformed to the cell that later turned out to be that of the monohydrate. 

OCHTET, OCHTETOl—Cady et al. (1963) OCHTET03—Cobbledick and Small (1974)  

OCHTET04— Zhitomirskaya etal. (1987) and OCHTET12—Choi and Boutin (1970). 

Some of the crystallization conditions reported by McCrone (1950a), reflect the relative stabilities and the need to use kinetic conditions to obtain the less stable forms. 

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The elemental composition of the three maceral groups varies. The vitrinite, which frequently is about 85% of the sample in the United States, is similar to the patent coal. The liptinites are richer in hydrogen, whereas the inertinites are relatively deficient in hydrogen and richer in carbon. The liptinites also contain more aliphatic materials the inertinites are richer in aromatics. The term inertinite refers to the relative chemical inertness of this material, making it especially undesirable for Hquefaction processes because it tends to accumulate in recycled feedstock streams. 

The analysis of combustion products presents problems of complexity similar to that of feedstock and raw fuel analysis. A highly complex matrix of aliphatic material often exists (as unburnt fuel in the combustion exhaust), whilst the species of interest, for example, carcinogens or mutagens are often at very low concentrations. A classic example of multidimensional GC is its use in the analysis of flue-cured tobacco essential oil condensate. 

A A liquid soluble in pentane 65 Mostly aliphatic material with some mono-aromatic parts broken off the coal by C-C cleavage. Apart from combined-phenol it has negligible polar material It contains some free paraffinic material, but exists mostly as alkyl phenols and alkyl-aryl ethers... 

Figure 1 shows representative infrared spectra for the fractions before reaction and for bottoms products and residues. Although there were considerable differences in the spectra of the four original fractions the spectra obtained for their bottoms products were quite similar. The spectra show that significant amounts of aliphatic material (2850 and 2920 cm -1) are present in the bottoms. An aromatic content is indicated by... 

Aliphatic material still remains in the residue from the whole coal, but is virtually eliminated in the residue from fraction C. The absorption at 1170 cm-1 -jn the spectra of both residues may be due to benzofuran type structures (8), but it is felt that the strong absorption in the region 1000 - 1200 cm-1 may have been enhanced by the presence of silica, a major component of the ash content in this coal. 

Removal of the aliphatic materials by hydrogenolysis leaves a residue that contains low amounts of polymethylenic components, suggesting that the suberized material contains some aliphatic components not susceptible to cleavage by such methods [3]. On the other hand, removal of suberin from cork cell wall preparations was examined by CPMAS and the results showed that the aliphatic components were nearly completely removed from this suberin preparation as the spectra showed that the residual material was virtually devoid of methyl... 

The aliphatic components of SOM, derived from various sources, tend to persist in soil (Almendros et al. 1998 Lichtfouse et al. 1998a Lichtfouse et al. 1998b Mosle et al. 1999 Poirier et al. 2000). The principal source of aliphatic materials in soil is plant cuticular materials, especially cutin, an insoluble polyester of cross-linked hydroxy-fatty acids and hydroxy epoxy-fatty acids (Kolattukudy 2001). Some plant cuticles also contain an acid and base hydrolysis-resistant biopolymer, comprised of aliphatic chains attached to aromatic cores known as cutan (Tegelaar et al. 1989 McKinney et al. 1996 Chefetz 2003 Sachleben et al. 2004). 

Polysaccharides probably constitute one of the most abundant fractions in soil organic matter and they are present as such or combined with the extracted humic fractions. As can be seen from the findings with soil extract and humic fractions (see Section 5.2), water-soluble materials are made up of a complex mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, phenolic and lignin-derived compounds, as well as other aliphatic materials. These compounds... 

Ultraviolet absorbers can be added to polyurethanes to lower the yellowing of the material. They are best used in the aliphatic materials to stop minor yellowing. In polyurethanes with aromatic diisocyanates, the attack is very fundamental and hard to stop. 

Insect cuticular lipids consist of aliphatic material which is present on the outer layer of the integument. In most species, they consist of complex mixtures of hydrophobic compounds including straight-chain saturated, unsaturated, and methyl-branched hydrocarbons, wax esters, sterol esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and fatty acids (lj 4). In many insects, including the American cockroach (8) and the housefly (9), hydrocarbons are the predominant cuticular lipid component. 

While aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to anilines by a variety of methods,comparatively few reagents reduce aliphatic nitro compounds to the corresponding amines. Traditionally, nitro aliphatic materials have been reduced using high pressure hydrogenation, 2.>43 lithium aluminum hydrideor aluminum amalgam. ... 

To simulate the abstraction of H by the tar, the aliphatic fraction in the tar is assumed to be retained together with some additional aliphatic material, which may be added directly or may contribute its hydrogen. When hydrogen from the aliphatic material is contributed, its associated carbons remain with the nonvolatile carbon fraction, which eventually forms the char [Figure 1(d)]. The nonvolatile carbon fraction is the aromatic carbon fraction minus the fraction of carbons released as CO from ether tight. 

The NMR data confirm and amplify the IR data hydrogen-bonded protons are presented from phenolic and carboxylic groups in the coal and phenol groups added with the chemically combined phenol. The monoaromatic content (of fractions A and B especially) is high, also because of added phenol, but two-ring aromatic material also is present in all fractions (even triaromatic in C), which must have come from the original coal. The aliphatic material observed in the IR spectra of A, B, and C now is seen to consist principally of methylene bridges and short, branched aliphatic chains (a- and P-methyl predominate). 

Similar experiments with cis- and /rarti-2,3-epoxybutane and the corresponding bromohydrins all gave a single product, 2-butanone. Thus the unusual factors in the aryl-substituted materials failed to appear in the simpler aliphatic materials. Here the product can be rationalized simply by assuming that hydride migration occurs more readily than methyl migration. Of course, this may be true for both concerted and carbenium ion processes, and the existence of a dual mechanism may be hidden in this example. The cyclohexene oxide results cited above suggest that this is plausible, and perhaps probable. 

Although aliphatic coke (butene oligomers) fills up the pores immediately, the buildup of aromatic coke occurs much more slowly (Fig. 5). Combining the results of Figs. 3 and 5 reveals that from a pool of aliphatic material a slow transformation to aromatic coke takes place. This transformation is relatively fast during the first 100 hours, slowing down thereafter. 

PERFUME INGREDIENTS DERIVED FROM ALIPHATIC MATERIALS... 

Synthetic precursors for aliphatic materials mirror the pattern of their naturally derived counterparts in that the commonest units are even in carbon chain length. This is because they are usually derived from ethylene through oligomerisation. Thus, coupling of two ethylene molecules produces a four-carbon chain, three produces six, and so on. In order to obtain an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain, one of the simplest techniques is to add a single carbon to an even chain which can be achieved, for example, by hydroformylation. Hydroformylation also introduces an alcohol function and opens the way for oxidation to aldehydes and acids. Three carbon units are available from propylene as well as by reaction of ethylene with a one-carbon unit. 

The paraffin to olefin ratio of the C6-Cg aliphatic material fluctuated, but did not change much. 

Our knowledge of the aliphatic structures in coals is currently inadequate. In many low-rank coals, there is a significant amount of long-chain aliphatic material. There is a debate as to whether this material is bound to the coal macromolecular structure or whether it is simply tangled up with it and thus trapped. 

The aromatic polyamide-imides are related to the aromatic polyamides described in the previous section. Aliphatic materials of this type were reported originally in 1947. They were formed by reacting tricarboxylic acids with diamines ... 

Other brominated FRs from Dead Sea Bromine are reactive types that should be compatible with any solvent system that is utilised as a polymerisation medium. So, aliphatic materials such as FR-513 (in alcohol) and FR-522 (diol) have good solubility in the polyol or trichloropropylphosphate (TCPP) systems used for the production of polyurethane foams. 

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