Rectal absorption of insulin

Touitou, E., and M. Donbrow. 1983. Promoted rectal absorption of insulin Formulative parameters involved in the absorption from hydrophilic bases. Int J Pharm 15 13. 

Watanabe, Y., et al. 1992. Absorption enhancement of polypeptide drugs by cyclodextrins. I. Enhanced rectal absorption of insulin from hollow-type suppositories containing insulin and cyclodextrins in rabbits. Chem Pharm Bull 40 3042. 

Ichikawa, K., et al. 1980. Rectal absorption of insulin suppositories in rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacol 32 314. 

Kim, S., et al. 1983. Effect of enamine derivatives on the rectal absorption of insulin in dogs and rabbits. J Pharm Pharmacol 35 100. 

Nishihata, T., et al. 1981. Enhanced rectal absorption of insulin and heparin in rats in the presence of non-surfactant adjuvants. J Pharm Pharmacol 33 334. 

Nishihata, T. Rytting, J.H. Kamada, A. Higuchi, T. Routh, M. Caldwell, L. Enhancement of rectal absorption of insulin using sahcylates in dogs. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1983, 55, 148-151. 

Ichikawa, K., Ohata, I., Mitomi, M., Kawamura, S., Maeno, H., and Kawata, H., 1980, Rectal absorption of insulin suppositories in rabbits, / Pharm. Pharmacol. 32 314-318. 

Morimoto, K., Kamiya, E., Takeeda, T., Nakamoto, Y., and Morisaka, K., 1983, Enhancement of rectal absorption of insulin in polyacrylic acid aqueous gel bases containing long chain fatty acid in rats, M J. Pharm. 14 149-157. 

Nidiihata, T., Kim, S., Morishita, S., Kamada, A., Yata, N., and Higuchi, T., 1983b Adjuvant effects of glyceryl esters of acetoacetic acid on rectal absorption of insulin and insulin in rabbits, J. Pharm. Sci. 72 280-285. 

The sodium salt of the phenylglycine derivative (33) was investigated as an absorption promoter for the rectal absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics and insulin [80JAP(K)31040 81CPB1998, 81CPB2012], (Naphthothiazol-2-ylidene)malonates (1661 and 1662) were applied in silver halide photographic emulsions as sensitizer dyes [82JAP(K)54936]. 

Touitou, E., M. Donbrow, and E. Azaz. 1978. New hydrophilic vehicle enabling rectal and vaginal absorption of insulin, heparin, phenol red and gentamicin. J Pharm Pharmacol 30 662. 

Sodium salicylate and 5-methoxysalicylate increased the absorption of insulin. Sodium glycocholate was more effective than sodium taurocholate but less effective than sodium-deoxycholate and PE-9-laurylether in enhancing rectal insulin absorption in rabbits. The role of disodium EDTA in the enhancement of rectal drug absorption, along with the damaging effects on the rectal mucosa, has been described for several drugs. ... 

The possible use of mixed micelles (e.g., made of unsaturated fatty acids and monoglycerides) has been shown for the enhanced rectal absorption of several compounds, including a and p interferon and insulin. 

Rectal absorption of drugs from aqueous or alcoholic solutions is generally much faster than from suppositories. Non-surfactant adjuvants, such as salicylates, increase rectal absorption of water-soluble drugs and also of high molecular weight compounds, such as insulin, heparin, and gastrin. 

Some studies have examined the effects of surfactants on intestinal absorption of insulin, with variable results. Both rectal and jejunal absorption of insulin was increased by anionic and cationic surfactants. However, in humans, oral polyoxyethylene-20-oleyl ether resulted in poor and variable insulin absorption. " ... 

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