Reconstruction processes

Before the data can be visualised, ie displayed in a two or three-dimensional representation, the ultrasonic responses from the interior of the test-piece must be reconstructed from the raw ultrasonic data. The reconstruction process projects ultrasonic indications into 3D space. As well as reconstructing the entire ultrasonic data set within an acquisition file, it is possible to define an arbitrary sub-volume of the test object over which reconstruction will take place. The image resolution may also be defined by the user. Clearly, larger volumes or greater resolution will increase the computation time for both the reconstruction and visualisation processes. 

What STM established first in 1991 for both Cu(110) K and Cu(110)-Cs systems was the localised nature of the reconstruction process and the atom resolved details of the complexity of the structural changes observed with increasing coverage.15 In 1993, Doyen et al.20 provided theoretical support for the experimental observations with both the Cu(110) and Au(110) surfaces. 

Leyden and Rabb [68] have illustrated the rubber formula reconstruction process. Table 2.8 shows some of the difficulties encountered in the reconstruction of a complex wire and cable jacket compound. Forrest [38] has illustrated the reverse engineering of the reasonably complex highly flame retardant elastomer compound of... 

Berlin and Moscow, the disastrous political division of Europe cut off the channels of exchange which had flourished up to that time, forcing modernism to develop in separate directions from then on. It i/i/as only in the 1960s under Khrushchev that tentative contacts were resumed here and there. However, the full reconstitution of the global art world as we know it today n/as only achieved after a tedious reconstruction process that lasted for decades, in which the artists who carried on the Russian modernist tradition, as in earlier decades, had to endure reprisals and deprivations that until today have remained almost inconceivable for anyone living in the West. 

It is also obvious that power consumption should be rationally calculated taking into account the reconstruction processes of chemical bonds, i.e. via the values of bond energy -for binary structures, and reduction energy - for more complex molecules and radicals (E). 

A.Yu. Zakharov, V.V. Lebedev. To the theory of reconstruction processes in multi-component condensed systems. // Electron structure and properties of refractory compounds, alloys andmetals. /Proceedings of IAM NAS of Ukraine, 2004, p. 13-21. 

An inert nitrogen atmosphere is required during the reconstruction process when a non-carbonate anion is incorporated by rehydration because the carbonate LDH generally forms preferentially in the presence of atmospheric CO2. The reconstruction method fails to give LDH materials if an anion such as tartrate, which has a strong tendency to complex metal cations, is used [142]. 

The reliability of the exit wave reconstruction process was independently confirmed by making available to the scientific community a reconstructed focal series from the OAM. L. J. Allen et al. demonstrated striking agreement for the identical data set with an iterative method for exit wave function reconstruction. 

Next, we present some observations concerning the connection between the reconstruction process and the iterative solution of either CSE(p) or ICSE(p). The perturbative reconstruction functionals mentioned earlier each constitute a finite-order ladder-type approximation to the 3- and 4-RDMCs [46, 69] examples of the lowest-order corrections of this type are shown in Fig. 3. The hatched squares in these diagrams can be thought of as arising from the 2-RDM, which serves as an effective pair interaction for a form of many-body perturbation theory. Ordinarily, ladder-type perturbation expansions neglect three-electron (and higher) correlations, even when extended to infinite order in the effective pair interaction [46, 69], but iterative solution of the CSEs (or ICSEs) helps to... 

The second type of transformation, the reconstructive transformation involves dis-solution/reprecipitation the initial phase breaks down completely (dissolves) and the new phase precipitates from solution (for a review see Blesa Matijevic, 1989). There is, therefore, no structural relationship between the precursor and the product. In contrast to the solid-state transformation, the reconstructive process is... 

A brief summary of reconstruction processes at other gold surfaces is given below. In order to obtain the reconstructed Au(llO) surfaces after the flame annealing below the red heat, the cooling rate should be decreased [335]. Keefe etal. 

Reconstruction of Au(lll) is observed in STM images as double rows separated from each other by 6.3 nm [335]. Some model calculations have been performed [362] to show that the energy difference of the reconstructed and unreconstructed Au(lll) is small. The effect of Triton X-100 on the reconstruction process of Au(lll) surface has been studied in chloride media [363] applying CV and double potential-step chronocoulometry. It has been found that adsorption of Triton X-100 stabilizes the reconstructed face of Au(lll). Hobara etal. [364] have used in situ STM to study reconstruction of Au(lll), following reductive desorption of 2-mercaptoethanesulfonic acid SAMs. 

Some related processes are difficult to classify. One example is the formation of blisters and pits in metals which sometimes accompanies treatment of metals, either simultaneously or sequentially, with hydrogen and oxygen (embrittlement). Limitations of the classification scheme with respect to some reconstruction processes are discussed below. 

In the old CT unit, the angular distance between two detectors is 0.5° whereas a typical angle between two projections is approximately 0.2°. Therefore, the source intensity in the space between the detectors has to be interpolated. Hence, two artificial projections are incorporated into the reconstruction process, which may lead to... 

With radio wave interferometric imaging of astronomical sources, it is typically assumed that the incoming radiation consists of planar waves. In this limit, any curvature of the incoming wavefronts is negligible. This far-field assumption is used for synthetic imaging and simplifies the imaging reconstruction process. However, most standoff THz applications do not fall in the far-field limit, and the simplified inverse Fourier transform of the electric field correlation - the far-field image reconstruction [99] - must be modified [100] to account for the curvature of the wavefronts in the near-field. 

In the MRM model, the initial memory matrix is a tabula rasa, a white page that is gradually filled during the reconstruction process, while the reconstructed picture starts with a uniform image, and becomes progressively differentiated in the course of time. A reconstruction with the MRM model, in other words, is a set of two distinct reconstructions that are performed in parallel. The point is that this double reconstruction is necessary for reasons that are absolutely general. 

In the course of embryonic development, therefore, two different reconstruction processes are taking place in parallel, one at the cellular level and the other at the organism level. These two parallel processes, furthermore, are both discontinuous, because in each of them there is a crucial event which marks the end of one phase and the beginning of a new one. For a developing cell the crucial event is determination, the trauma that forever fixes its destiny for an embryo it is the appearance of the body plan, the pattern that determines for life the three-dimensional organisation of the body s organs. 

Applying mass-balance and thermodynamic constraints typically leaves one without a precisely defined (unique) solution for reaction fluxes and reactant concentration, but instead with a mathematically constrained feasible space for these variables. Exploration of this feasible space is the purview of constraint-based analysis. It has so far been left unstated that any application in this area starts with the determination of the reactions in a system, from which the stoichiometric matrix arises. This first step, network reconstruction, integrates genomic and proteomic data to determine carefully the enzymes present in an organism, cell, or subcellular compartment. The network reconstruction process is described elsewhere [107]. 

A sublibrary L17, made of 42 diverse library individuals (Fig. 11.23), was screened in an in vivo model for the proliferation of fibroblasts, where a high value represented a candidate for the tissue reconstruction process around the medical implant. The screening protocol was performed in parallel, and a correlation was established between the fibroblast proliferation (biological property) and the air-water contact angle (physicochemical property). A crude SAR was assessed for further, more... 

One of such methods is based on spectra obtained from normai and obiique incidence reflection and transmission US, which are piotted as a function of six non-dimensionai parameters of the coating determined from two types of spectra. The six non-dimensionai parameters aiiow the reconstruction process to be transformed from one search in a six-dimensionai space to two searches in three-dimensionai spaces (one search for normai incidence and one for obiique incidences). Thickness density and longitudinai and shear eiastic moduii of the coating and attenuations can be determined for thicknesses iess than the uitrasonic waveiength from the non-dimensionai parameters [43]. it shouid be noted that US-based examination of coatings is particuiariy usefui for poiymer-coated systems as the impedance of metais is about tenfoid more than that of common poiymers. 

As has been pointed out recently [10], bulk defects play a major role in a variety of surface phenomena where annealing to high temperature is necessary, e.g. during the encapsulation of Pt [11-13], in bulk-assisted re-oxidation [14,15], in restructuring and reconstruction processes [9,16], and in gas adsorption [17]. The relationship between crystal color, conductivity, bulk defects as characterized by EPR measurements, and surface structure of rutile (110) has been investigated systematically by Li et al. [10]. 

Concurrent with the solution trials were precipitation and decomposition experiments, for which Wollaston s numerical data again approached those predicted by modern stoichiometry. Thus Wollaston s innovations to the chemical purification process were principally of a quantitative nature, but they brought to the process a consistency that had previously been lacking, and yielded platinum much purer than had earlier been possible. His initial production runs, on 12-troy-oz quantities of crude platinum, began in February 1801 and yielded spongy platinum that was first consolidated and worked in April. The purification process was similar to Knight s published procedure, except for the details noted herein, and the analytical details of the reconstructed process are given in Table III. 

Silicon nitride occurs in two forms, alpha (a) and beta (/3), with similar hexagonal crystal structures, but different cell dimensions. The a phase has almost twice the cell volume of / (a has an a axis = 0.775-0.777 nm and a c axis = 0.516-0.569 nm, and /3 has a = 0.759-0.761 nm and c = 0.271-0.292 nm) [121]. In contrast to SiC, these two forms cannot be transformed from one to the other without a reconstructive processing, usually via a liquid phase. 

The structure and composition of a nanocrystalline surface may have a particular importance in terms of chemical and physical properties because of their small size. For instance, nanocrystal growth and manipulation relies heavily on surface chemistry [261]. The thermodynamic phase diagrams of nanocrystals are strongly modified from those of the bulk materials by the surface energies [262]. Moreover, the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals is influenced by the surface states that He within the bandgap but are thought to be affected by the surface reconstruction process [263]. Thus, a picture of the physical properties of nanocrystals is complete only when the structure of the surface is determined. 

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