Reclamation industry

A conservative estimate of the total value of the products from the mineral industry is ca 3.9 trillion ia terms of 1992 dollars (4). This estimate does not include the value of products derived from secondary sources such as recycling (qv) or reclamation. Secondary recovery is significant for certain commodities. For example, in 1992 ca 30% of the world steel (qv) production, 46% of the world refined lead output, 15% of the world refined copper (qv) production, and ca 30% of the aluminum (see Aluminumand ALUMINUM alloys) output from the Western world were clearly identified as being derived from scrap. The value of the world mineral commodity export trade in 1992 was ca 616,698 million ia 1992 dollars. This accounted for ca 18% of all commodities exported (4). 

To reduce or eliminate the scattering of cadmium in the environment, the disposal of nickel —cadmium batteries is under study. Already a large share of industrial batteries are being reclaimed for the value of their materials. Voluntary battery collection and reclaiming efforts are under way in both Europe and Japan. However the collection of small batteries is not without difficulties. Consideration is being given to deposit approaches to motivate battery returns for collection and reclamation. 

One of the most important applications of RO is in the reclamation of large volumes of municipal and industrial wastewaters and the concentration of the solids for... 

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Power Program. (1999). The Ilydropower Industry. < http //www.usbr.gov>. 

Table 4 Efficiency of the hybrid system MFAJV/NF in the reclamation process of WWTP wastewater for industrial reuse...

Table 5 Membrane specifications and operation conditions for UF stage in WWTP hybrid process for industrial reuse water reclamation...

Many facilities in this industry use in-plant technology to reduce or eliminate the waste load, requiring end-of-pipe treatment and thereby improve the quality of the effluent discharge and reduce treatment costs. In-plant technology involves water reuse, process material conservation, reclamation of waste enamel, process modifications, material substitutions, improved rinse techniques, and good housekeeping practices.3-615... 

Several high-rate air flotation clarifiers (both DAF and dispersed air flotation) with less than 15 min of detention times have been developed for groundwater decontamination, industrial effluent treatment, resources recovery, and water reclamation. Both insoluble and soluble impurities such as... 

Krofta, M. and Wang, L.K., Total closing of paper mills with reclamation and deinking installations, in Proc. 43rd Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 1989, p. 673. 

Edwards, W.C. and B.R. Clay. 1977. Reclamation of rangeland following a lead poisoning incident in livestock from industrial airborne contamination of forage. Vet. Human. Toxicol. 19 247-249. 

Galiulin, R.F, Bashkin, V.N, Galiulina, R.R and Birch, P. (2001). A Critical Review Protection from Pollution by Heavy Metals — Phytoremediation of Industrial Wastewater. Land Contamination Reclamation, 9(4), 349-357... 

Levine, A.D., Asano, T., Water reclamation, recycling and reuse in industry, Chapter 2 in ... 

Recycling is the use, reuse, or reclamation of a waste after it is generated. At present the petroleum industry is focusing on recycling and reuse as the best opportunities for pollution prevention ... 

Power ultrasound can be used for the rehabilitation of industrial sites or the reclamation of polluted land by the removal of chemical and biological contamination from soil. There are two basic mechanisms through which this can occur either via the removal of contaminated material from the surface of soil particles or the leaching out of more deeply entrenched materials. 

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