Rechargeability lithium alloys

Rechargeable Lithium Alloy and Other Coin and Microcells... 

N. Papadakis et al., Performance of Rechargeable Lithium-Alloy/Metal Disulfide Pulse Power Bipolar Batteries, Proc. IEEE 35th Int. Power Sources Symp., Cherry Hill, N.J., June 22-25, 1992, p. 285. 

Coin and Button Cell Commercial Systems. Initial commercialization of rechargeable lithium technology has been through the introduction of coin or button cells. The eadiest of these systems was the Li—C system commercialized by Matsushita Electric Industries (MEI) in 1985 (26,27). The negative electrode consists of a lithium alloy and the positive electrode consists of activated carbon [7440-44-0J, carbon black, and binder. The discharge curve is not flat, but rather slopes from about 3 V to 1.5 V in a manner similar to a capacitor. Use of lithium alloy circumvents problems with cycle life, dendrite formation, and safety. However, the system suffers from generally low energy density. 

Huggins RA., Materials Science Principles Related to Alloys of Potential Use in Rechargeable Lithium Cells. J. Power Sources 1989 26 109-20. 

Huggins R A. Materials science principle related to alloys of potential use in rechargeable lithium cells. J Power Sources 1989 26 109-120. 

Switching to lithium-alloy negative electrodes, some voltage loss must be noted. LiAl has Uu = -1-385 mV, Li4.5Pb has Uu = 388 mV. Entries 18-20 in Table 10(b) represent three examples of rechargeable cells, which have been, at least temporarily, commercialized. The first (No. 18) is due to a lithium alloy/carbon black battery conunercialized by the Matsushita Co. [248]. The lithium alloy components are Pb -I- Cd -I- Bi -h Sn (Wood s alloy). Button cells in the range 0.3 to 2.5 mAh were offered. The electrolyte was LiC104 in an unknown solvent. The practical energy densities, 2Wh/kg, were rather low. The c.b. positive electrode acts as a double... 

Ortiz, G. F., Lopez, M. C., Aicantara, R., and Tirado, J. L. [2014]. Eiectrodeposition of copper-tin nanowires on Ti foiis for rechargeable lithium micro-batteries with high energy density, /. Alloys Compounds, 585, pp. 331-336. 

Shin HC, Liu M (2005) Three-dimensional porous copper-tin alloy electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. Adv Funct Mater 15 582-586... 

Today rechargeable lithium batteries - up from a few 100 mAh capacity - based on the reasons given have an anode from a lithium alloy or, more often, a nonmetallic... 

As with primary lithium batteries, a number of different approaches have been taken in the chemistry and design of rechargeable lithium batteries to obtain the desired performance characteristics. These are summarized in Fig. 34.1a for batteries with lithium metal negative electrodes (the anode during discharge) and in Fig. 34.1fc for batteries with other materials, such as lithium alloys and lithiated carbon. ... 

FIGURE 34.1 Lithium rechargeable batteries (a) with metalUc lithium as negative electrode, (b) with lithium alloys or lithiated carbon negative electrode. 

Polymers. Electronically conductive polymers may also be used as cathode materials in rechargeable lithium batteries. The most popular polymers are polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and polythiophene, which are made conductive by doping with suitable anions. The discharge-charge process is a redox reaction in the polymer. The low specific energy, high cost, and their instability, however, make these polymers less attractive. They have been used in small coin-type batteries with a lithium-aluminum alloy as the anode. 

These lithium coin cells generally use a metal oxide intercalation compound for the positive active material and a hthium alloy, such as lithium aluminum, which is less reactive than metallic lithium, for the negative electrode. An organic solution is used for the electrolyte. The energy density and specific energy of the different rechargeable lithium coin-type batteries are summarized in Fig. 34.36. 

Carbon-Lithium Rechargeable Batteries. The carbon-lithium batteries use a lithium alloy for the negative active material, a nonaqueous organic electrolyte, such as propylene carbonate, and activated carbon for the positive electrode. The battery is built in a discharged state. The mode of operation and the reactions during charge and discharge are delineated as follows ... 

Wang CY et al (2008) Electrochemical properties of nanostructuied Ali- Cu alloys as anode materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc 155 A615-A622... 

Figure 8. 3-D copper-tin electro-deposits with graded pore size. Reprodueed from H.-C. Shin and M. Liu, Three-Dimensional Porous Copper-Tin Alloy Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries, Adv. Fund. Mater. 15 (2005) 582. Copyright (2005) with permission from Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA.

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