Receiver overload

Available Chlorine Test. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test is a practical-type test. It is called a capacity test. Under practical conditions of use, a container of disinfectant might receive many soiled, contaminated instniments or other items to be disinfected. Eventually, the capacity of the disinfectant to serve its function would be overloaded due to reaction with the accumulated organic matter and organisms. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test compares the load of a culture of bacteria that a concentration of a disinfectant will absorb and still kill bacteria, as compared to standard concentrations of sodium hypochlorite tested similarly. In the test, 10 successive additions of the test culture are added to each of 3 concentrations of the hypochlorite. One min after each addition a sample is transferred to the subculture medium and the next addition is made 1.5 min after the previous one. The disinfectant is then evaluated in a manner similar to the phenol coefficient test. For equivalence, the disinfectant must yield the same number of negative tubes as one of the chlorine standards. 

G will generate an excess power compared to Gy. Therefore while G will operate as a generator, Gy. receiving power from G, will operate as a synchronous motor. Since G is overloaded compared to Cy. it will tend to retard, and Gy, receiving power from G, will tend to accelerate. The net effect would be that both generators will tend to synchronize on their own once again. 

It will be pertinent to note that series compenstition on HT lines will be more effective when the line inductive reactance itself is high, as when the line is individually feeding highly inductive loads, such as an induction or an arc furnace or other similar loads. Nevertheless, it can also be effectively applied on overloaded distribution networks similar to the one we have considered above, to raise the line capacity and reduce the voltage dip at the receiving end. 

Distribution box Serves to distribute the flow from the septic tank evenly to the absorption field or seepage pits. It is important that each trench or pit receive an equal amount of flow. This prevents overloading of one part of the system. Dissolved solids Chemical substances either organic or inorganic that are dissolved in a waste stream and constitute the residue when a sample is evaporated to dryness. 

Administration of oxytocin may result in fetal bradycardia, uterine rupture, uterine hypertonicity, nausea, vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, and anaphylactic reactions. Serious water intoxication (fluid overload, fluid volume excess) may occur, particularly when the drug is administered by continuous infusion and the patient is receiving fluids by mouth. When used as a nasal spray, adverse reactions are rare. 

The nurse observes patients receiving IV solutions at frequent intervals for signs of fluid overload. If signs of fluid overload (see Display 58-1) are observed, the nurse slows the IV infusion rate and immediately notifies the primary health care provider. 

Fluid restriction is generally unnecessary as long as sodium intake is controlled. The thirst mechanism remains intact in CKD to maintain total body water and plasma osmolality near normal levels. Fluid intake should be maintained at the rate of urine output to replace urine losses, usually fixed at approximately 2 L/day as urine concentrating ability is lost. Significant increases in free water intake orally or intravenously can precipitate volume overload and hyponatremia. Patients with stage 5 CKD require renal replacement therapy to maintain normal volume status. Fluid intake is often limited in patients receiving hemodialysis to prevent fluid overload between dialysis sessions. 

For patients with fluid deficits, it is safer and more cost-effective to correct fluid abnormalities using standard intravenous fluids (e.g., sodium chloride 0.9% in water, dextrose 5% in water, and lactated Ringer s solution). Minimizing fluid volume in PN may be indicated in patients with fluid overload, such as critically ill patients who receive large-volume resuscitation fluids, patients with oliguric (urine output less than 400 mL/day) or anuric (urine output less than 50 mL/day) renal failure, and those with congestive heart failure. It is reasonable to... 

The efficiency of vitamin E in the suppression of free radical-mediated damage induced by iron overload has been studied in animals and humans. Galleano and Puntarulo [46] showed that iron overload increased lipid and protein peroxidation in rat liver. Vitamin E supplementation successfully suppressed these effects and led to an increase in a-tocopherol, ubiquinone-9, and ubiquinone-10 contents in liver. Important results were obtained by Roob et al. [47] who found that vitamin E supplementation attenuated lipid peroxidation (measured as plasma MDA and plasma lipid peroxides) in patients on hemodialysis after receiving iron hydroxide sucrose complex intravenously during hemodialysis session. These findings support the proposal that iron overload enhances free radical-mediated damage in humans. 

Adverse effects of colloids are generally extensions of their pharmacologic activity (e.g., fluid overload, dilutional coagulopathy). Albumin and dex-tran may be associated with anaphylactoid reactions or anaphylaxis. Bleeding may occur in certain patients receiving hetastarch and dextran. 

Continuous renal replacement therapy is used for the management of fluid overload and removal of uremic toxins in patients with acute renal failure and other conditions. Drug therapy individualization for patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy is discussed in Chap. 75. 

One claimed advantage of exercise in the elderly is to maintain an effective cardiovascular system so that a mild trauma or infection does not overload the system and the brain receives its required supply of oxygen and fuel under such conditions i.e. physical fitness allows the elderly person to respond adequately to a mild stress not... 

Fluid/Solute overload Excessive amounts of sodium chloride by any route may cause hypokalemia and acidosis. Administration of IV solutions can cause fluid or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolyte concentrations, CHF, overhydration, congested states, or acute pulmonary edema, especially in patients with cardiovascular disease and in patients receiving corticosteroids or corticotropin or drugs that may give rise to sodium retention. 

Fluid overload occurs commonly in patients with renal failure, often in the absence of associated heart disease. If salt and water intake is not controlled in the patient who is oliguric or anaemic, plasma volume and symptoms of congestive heart failure ensue. Hypertension and coronary heart disease with increasing age contributes to the congestive heart failure. Diuretics like loop-diuretics or metolazone may be of value. Digitalis should be used with caution in patients on dialysis as cardiac arrhythmias may ensue in patients receiving dialysis in the presence of hypokalemia. 

Chronic iron toxicity (iron overload), also known as hemochromatosis, results when excess iron is deposited in the heart, liver, pancreas, and other organs. It can lead to organ failure and death. It most commonly occurs in patients with inherited hemochromatosis, a disorder characterized by excessive iron absorption, and in patients who receive many red cell transfusions over a long period of time (eg, patients with thalassemia major). 

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