Reasonability/product cost

Unlike common industrial parks where factories are selected simply on the basis of their willingness to share the real estate, environmentally balanced industrial complexes (EBIC) are a selective collection of compatible industrial plants located together in a complex so as to minimize environmental impacts and industrial production costs [24,33]. These objectives are accomplished by utilizing the waste materials of one plant as the raw materials for another with a minimum of transportation, storage, and raw materials preparation costs. It is obvious that when an industry neither needs to treat its wastes, nor is required to import, store, and pretreat its raw materials, its overall production costs must be reduced significantly. Additionally, any material reuse costs in an EBIC will be difficult to identify and more easily absorbed into reasonable production costs. 

The cost in a supply chain may increase in product variety, for several reasons. Production cost increases as assembly processes must be switched over from one... 

Reasonably Assured Resources (RAR) refers to uranium in known mineral deposits of size, grade, and configuration such that recovery is within the given production cost ranges with currentiy proven mining and processing technology. The majority of these resources are found in AustraUa, Brazil,... 

Reason New product Cost reduction Legal requirement... 

The first synthetic separator is still in use today in some geographical areas, for two reasons this separator is unchallenged in its low raw-material and production costs... 

The ID profession has embraced plastics with enthusiasm for several reasons. First, plastics provide enormous freedom of shape compared with traditional materials of design. They also permit product production that is faster and more consistent, and they can do it all at a fraction of the cost for making nonplastic products. This low product cost does not stem from the fact that plastics are low in cost. On a per-pound basis, they are actually more costly than many competing materials. But the processability and relatively low density of plastics (which translates into lower costs per volume) gives them a big economic advantage. The net result is that the ID can now achieve quality products at disposable price levels (216). 

The equipment and chemicals used in MOCVD are all available commercially but are expensive and production cost is high. For these reasons, MOCVD is considered in applications where high quality is essential. 

Propylene, a light olefin, is like ethylene one of the most important feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. In recent years the main way to obtain propylene and ethylene has been via cracking of naphtha. For this reason the cost of the corresponding polymers, mainly polypropylene and polyethylene, depends on the international oil price. One big challenge for modem chemistry is to look for an alternative production of feedstocks that is independent of the oil-industry. 

The occurrence of the set-up procedure in period i is denoted by the binary variable Wi (0 = no, 1 = yes). The production costs per batch are denoted by p = 1.0 and the cost for a set-up is y = 3.0. Demands di that are satisfied in the same period as requested result in a regular sale Mi with a full revenue of a = 2.0 per unit of product. Demands that are satisfied with a tardiness of one period result in a late sale Mf with a reduced revenue of aL = 1.5 per unit. Demands which are not satisfied in the same or in the next period result in a deficit Bf with a penalty of a = 0.5 per unit. The surplus production of each period is stored and can be sold later. The amount of batches stored at the end of a period is denoted by Mf and the storage costs are a+ =0.1 per unit. The objective is to maximize the profit over a horizon of H periods. The cost function P contains terms for sales revenues, penalties, production costs, and storage costs. For technical reasons, the model is reformulated as a minimization problem ... 

To achieve a large production rate, the current density should be as high as possible. Particularly, industrial cells need a satisfactory current density and space-time yield , that is, production per time and cell volume, because the investment costs and consequently the production costs are enlarged with increasing electrode area and cell volume. But, naturally, the current density is limited by different reasons that have to be considered. 

Biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel originate from cereal crops such as plant oils, and sugar beets. Today the production cost of bioethanol cereal crops is still too high, which is the major reason why bioethanol has not made its breakthrough as a fuel source yet. When producing bioethanol from maize or sugar cane the raw material constitutes about 40-70% of the production cost. 

In the pharmaceutical industry, it is important that aU products are properly tested and vahdated prior to release for sale. One of the most important tests is the determination of tablet dissolution rate. In this procedure tablets are immersed in a suitable medium to mimic the action of the stomach and the release of the active ingredients monitored over a period of time. Automation of these procedures is obviously important for various reasons including cost, accuracy of analysis and for validation of the results according to good laboratory practice. 

Substitution generally means that one substance or process is substituted for another, for whatever reason (availability, costs, technical requirements). Substitution of a hazardous substance or product signifies its replacement by less a hazardous substance, product or process. In this context the scope ranges from simple substitution (i.e. exchanging substances) to risk management as a whole (i.e. prevention of hazardous substances, reduction or prevention of exposure, etc.). 

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