Real-time focusing profile

Apoptosis PCR microarray is a relatively new methodology that uses real-time PCR to profile the expression of at least 112 key genes involved in apoptosis. The array includes the TNF ligands and their receptors members of the bcl-2, caspase, IAP, TRAF (TNF receptor associated factor), CARD (caspase activation and recruitment domain), death domain, death effector domain, and CIDE (cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector) families and genes involved in the p53 and ATM pathways. Also included in the evaluation are genes involved in anti-apoptosis. This assay allows for the evaluation of the expression of a focused panel of genes related to apoptosis. 

Due to the shift reaction features, for a given reactor feed stream composition and flow rate, the temperature of the feed stream can be manipulated in order to maximize CO conversion. Consequently, if the industrial reactor has in-line/on-line composition analyzers as well as flow rate measurement instrumentation, on-line optimization can be successfully implemented. The problem is that this kind of in-line/ on-line instrumentation is not only expensive but also may need continuous and excessive calibration and maintenance. Therefore, some question arises can other real-time measurements be used for CO conversion How does temperature influence CO conversion correlated This is an important issue as temperature measurements are usually reliable, accurate, real-time and low cost. Moreover, fixed bed reactors can have temperature instruments installed along the reactor length, providing a temperature profile. Towards this, a novel and alternative approach will be presented in order to overcome this issue, focusing on CO conversion control. 

The goal of every production process is an acceptable product quality in the shortest time whilst using the minimum of raw material and having the least off-spec product. Many important industrial processes are based on feedstock material of quite variable properties yet are expected to generate products of stable and predictable composition and characteristics. Consequently, there is scope for fast and reliable analyses, both qualitatively and quantitatively, which allow control over today s manufacturing plants. The basis of the evaluation of chemical batch processes is a comprehensive knowledge in real-time of the concentration profiles of the reactants as a function of time in continuous processes attention is focused on end-product quality. 

Now X-ray region has been opened to the photoacoustic spectroscopy. However, as seen in this text, the photoacoustic X-ray absorption spectroscopy is still in primitive stage. For the real applications, it seems that the sensitivity should be improved at least 10 times better than now or the photon flux should be increased by focusing or insertion devices. With the specific character of X-ray absorption, e.g. transparency of X-ray and abrupt edge shape absorption profile, this method seems to have hopeful future when the unique photoacoustic application can be conducted. 

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