Bottle shake

Special reactors are required to conduct biochemical reactions for the transformation and production of chemical and biological substances involving the use of biocatalysts (enzymes, immobilised enzymes, microorganisms, plant and animal cells). These bioreactors have to be designed so that the enzymes or living organisms can be used under defined, optimal conditions. The bioreactors which are mainly used on laboratory scale and industrially are roller bottles, shake flasks, stirred tanks and bubble columns (see Table 1). 

As is the case with pure bubble columns and gas-operated loop reactors, most bioreactors in technical use are aerated with oxygen or air. Reactors with pure surface aeration, such as roller bottles, shake flasks and small stirred reactors or special reactors with membrane aeration, are exceptions. The latter are used for the cultivation of cells and organisms which are particularly sensitive to shearing (see e. g. [28 - 29]). The influence of gas bubbles in increasing stress has been described in many publications (see e.g. [4, 27, 29, 30]). In principle it can be caused by the following processes ... 

Soln No 1. Add to ca 800ml of distd w in 1 liter amber glass bottle, ca 40g of K thiocyanate, insert a rubber stopper and shake until complete dissolution. Add to this soln l.Og Pb thiocyanate, lg of Sb sulfide and lg of LA restopper the bottle, shake vigorously for ca lOmins and allow it to stand overnight. When necessary, remove a portion required for complete test, filter it before using and transfer to a burette... 

Use hot water from your sink faucet to fill a pan. Open one of the bottles of Coke. Quickly slip a balloon over the top of the bottle. Shake the bottle with the balloon over it. Set this bottle in the pan of hot water. NEVER HEAT A BOTTLE COVERED WTTH ANYTHING OTHER THAN A BALLOON. 

Method. Transfer 100 ml of sample to a 300 ml glass flask. Add 5 ml of sulphuric acid and 2.5 ml of nitric acid, mixing after each addition. Add 15 ml of potassium permanganate solution to each sample bottle. Shake and add additional portions of permanganate solution until the purple colour persists for at least 15 min. Add 8 ml of potassium persulphate to each bottle and heat for two hours in a water bath at 95° C. Cool and add 6 ml of sodium chloride—hydroxylamine sulphate solution to reduce the excess of oxidant prior to analysis. Standards and blanks should be treated in the same way as samples. 

Add 10 ml of chloroform to each bottle, shake, centrifuge, and remove the aqueous layers as above. Remove residual moisture from the two extracts from either urine or stomach contents by filtering through phase-separating paper, and collect the filtrates in... 

Lime Water, Ca(OH)2.— Slakequick-lime in an iron or tin dish, add water enough to make milk of lime, pour into a stoppered bottle, shake occasionally for several days, then let stand, and siphon off the clear supernatant liquid. Several portions of water may be added to the same solid. 

Preparation. A solut ion of hydrazoic acid in benzene or chloroform is prepared in a three-necked flask fitted with an efficient stirrer, a dropping funnel, a thermometer, and a gas-exit tube. A paste is prepared from 65 g. (1 mole) of sodium azide and 65 ml. of warm water, 400 ml. of benzene or chloroform is added, the mixture is cooled to 0°, and 0.5 mole of coned, sulfuric acid is added dropwise with control of the temperature to 0-5°. The organic layer Is separated and dried over sodium sulfate. The concentration of the solution of hydrazoic acid is determined by transferring a sample with pipette and pipetter (Fig. H-2) to a glass-stoppered bottle, shaking it with distilled water, and titrating with standard alkali. 

Mix a troy ounces nitric acid, and 2 troy ounces muriatic acid in a pint bottle. Shake occasionally during 24 hours, and odd distilled water to make up to 1 pint. Keep in a cool place, protected from the light. (U, S Ph.)... 

Bottle shaking can be used to generate foam under conditions of relatively low shear (44), and a blender can be used (at about 8000 rpm) to generate foam under conditions of very high shear (45). 

The "bottle shake test. A clean bottle is filled with solution from the system. The bottle is left open for some time to allow all the dissolved gas to escape. A cap is put on, and the bottle is vigorously shaken up md down, then set on a table. The foam height and the time teiken for the foam to settle back to the liquid level are recorded. If it takes more than 5 s to settle, foaming is indicated. This test was successfully used in amine absorbers (22). This method is simple, but may often fail to detect foaming. 

Gum preparation Combine 1 part by weight of acacia gum with 3 parts by volume of distilled water. Place in well-stoppered bottle, shake occasionally, let dissolve, keep refrigerated. (It becomes a slimy goo.) Dosage 1 to 2 tablespoons (15 to 30 ml) as often as needed for sore inflammations in the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Especially useful during acute throat infections, ulceration of the mouth, painful gastrointestinal tract from dysenteric disease. The mucilage will coat and soothe and provide antimicrobial action. 

Well mix the water and chlorinated lime by trituration in a mortar, and, having transferred the mixture to a stoppered bottle, shake it occasionally during three hours now pour out the contents of the bottle on a cidico filter, and... 

The traditional testing of demulsifiers is to undertake bottle-shake tests. In these tests one has a pre-mixed emulsion and the chemieal under study is applied. After this the bottle is gently shaken in order to distribute the chemieal evenly into the emulsified system. The efficiency of the chemical applied is read from the resolution of the dis-... 

Normally, the bottle-shake tests with depressurized crude oils are upsealed to real separation conditions topside. However, it has been constantly pointed out that the samples in use at the laboratory are not representative of the samples from the same field. The main reason for this is that the laboratory samples have undergone oxidation upon... 

Pesticides Organochlorine O rganophosphoms Polyaromafic hydrocarbons Polychlorinated biphenyls Add 200 ml of hexane per 41 ample (in a 4.51 amber glass bottle), shake well and deliver to the laboratory as soon as possible. Place a piece of aluminum foil over the mouth of the bottle before screwing on the cover (except when there are PTFE liners in the cap). 

To each tube add 15 0 ml of /)-bromoaniline reagent (prepared by adding 8-0 g of -bromoaniline to a mixture of 380 ml of thiourea-saturated glacial acetic acid, 10 ml of 20 per cent sodium chloride solution, 5 ml of 5 per cent oxalic acid solution and 5 ml of 10 per cent disodium phosphate solution in an amber-coloured bottle, shaking, stoppering the bottle and allowing to stand overnight before use the solution should be used within one week). Shake the test-tube laterally and allow to stand in the dark for forty-five minutes. 

Vi teaspoon dish soap, and 2 tablespoons distilled white vin r in a spray bottle. Cap the bottle, shake gently, and let stand for 5 minutes. Fill the bottle about three-quarters of the way with warm water and shake again. For a nice scent, add 3 drops essential oil. For the kitchen, I like bergamot or eucalyptus. 

Dispense 240 0.5 g of nickel octoate (5.0 0.1 mass % nickel), 30 0.1 g of titanium 2-ethylhexoide (8.0 0.1 mass % titanium) or 30 0.1 g of tin octoate (8.0 0.1 mass % tin), and 450 1 g of diluent solvent into a 1-L bottle. Shake or stir the bottle for a minimum of 10 min. If the laboratory uses internal materials that have different elemental concentrations than those explicitly stated in 7.4.1 and 7.4.2, it will be necessary for the laboratory to adjust the amount of sample taken in order to obtain an equivalent elemental concentration in the internal standard blend that is prepared according to the following equations ... 

Traces of polymerization or condensation products in the cracking coil feed lead to the rapid formation of coke, and hence a tar number has been widely used to judge the coking tendency of charge stock or recycling stocks. It is determined by contacting 100 ml of oil with 10 ml of 66°Bd sulfuric acid in a 4-oz sample bottle, shaking for 1 to 2 min,... 

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