Rayon chemical manufacture

Chemical manufacturing Neoprene cement Rayon selenium... 

Also in 1910, Courtauld formed an American subsidiary. The American Viscose Company, and began construction of a plant at Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. Subsequently, other companies—DuPont, Tubize Comany, Belamore (later known as Hartford Rayon), Industrial Rayon, American Cellulose and Chemical Manufacturing (later called Celanese), etc.—were organized to produce rayon. 

Common names have been given to sodium sulfate as a result of manufacturiag methods. In rayon production, by-product sodium sulfate is separated from a slurry by filtration where a 7—10-cm cake forms over the filter media. Thus rayon cake was the term coiaed for this cake. Similarly, salt cake, chrome cake, phenol cake, and other sodium sulfate cakes were named. Historically, sulfate cakes were low purity, but demand for higher purity and controlled particle size has forced manufacturers either to produce higher quaUty or go out of busiaess. Sodium sulfate is mined commercially from three types of mineral evaporites thenardite, mirabilite, and high sulfate brine deposits (see Chemicals FROMBRINe). 

Uses Manufacture of acetate rayon, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates, chloroacetic acid, ethyl alcohol, ketene, methyl ethyl ketone, vinyl acetate, plastics and rubbers in tanning laundry sour acidulate and preservative in foods printing calico and dyeing silk solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils and other substances manufacture of nylon and fiber, vitamins, antibiotics and hormones production of insecticides, dyes, photographic chemicals, stain removers latex coagulant textile printing. 

The introduction of rayon, nylon and other manmade fibers with their greater strengths per unit cross sectional area compared with cotton fabric has led to the use of rubber coated fabrics in the manufacture of various engineering products such as tyres, beltings and hoses and also several specialty products for the chemical process industries. The arduous service conditions prevailing... 

Like the triacetate, secondary cellulose acetate (CA) is used in solution processes to produce fibers and films. CA fibers were originally called "rayon." the name that was already in use for regenerated cellulose fibers. In 1951. however, the regulatory authorities formally acknowledged the chemical distinction between CA and cellulose, and the term rayon was reserved for libers of regenerated cellulose. CA fibers are officially called acetate. and they are used in a wide variety of fabrics. They also are used for cigarette filters. However, the majority of CA produced is used for manufacture of plastics. 

PULP (Wood) PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING. Pulps can be defined as fibrous products derived from cellulosic fiber-contaiumg materials and used in the production of hardboard, fiberboard, paperboard, paper, and molded-pulp products. With suitable chemical modification, pulps can be used in Hie manufacture of rayon, cellulose acetate, and other familiar products. Pulps can be produced from any material containing cellulosic fiber but in North America and several other regions of the world, wood is the predominant source of pulp. This description is confined to the production and processing of wood pulp,... 

Wood forms one of the world s most important chemical raw materials. It is the primary source of cellulose for the pulp and paper and cellulose industries. These industries are well up in the group of 10 major industries of the United Slates. For paper, rayon, films, lacquers, explosives and plastics, which comprise the greatest chemical uses of wood, it is the cellulose component (plus certain amounts of hemicellulose) of wood that is of value. The lignin forms a major industrial waste as a by-product of the paper and cellulose industries. Its major use is in its heat value in the recovery of alkaline pulping chemicals. A variety of minor uses for lignin have been developed, such as for the manufacture of vanillin, adhesives, plastics, oil-well drilling compounds and fillers for rubber. 

More than a million tons of sodium hydroxide are produced annually in the United States. This chemical is used in the manufacture of rayon and other textiles, pulp and paper, in the refining of petroleum and vegetable oils, in reclaiming used rubber, and in the production of a wide variety of other chemicals. 

Carbon disulfide (CS2) is one of the most significant sulfur compounds because of its widespread use and toxicity. This compound has two sulfur atoms, each separately bonded to a carbon atom. This compound is a volatile, colorless liquid (mp, -111°C bp, 46°C). Unlike most organosulfur compounds, it is virtually free of odor. Although its uses are declining, it has numerous applications in chemical synthesis, as a solvent to break down cellulose in viscose rayon manufacture, and in the manufacture of cellophane. It has also been used as an insecticide and fumigant. 

Cellophane film Is prepared from regenerated cellulose and Is similar to rayon fiber In that It has a lower molecular weight than cotton and contains a small amount of hemlcellulose, as does linen. Cellophane film, therefore, although not a duplicate of any natural fiber, Is similar enough In chemical structure and morphology to make It useful as a model system. Moreover, Its transparency and the precision of Its manufacture make It quite useful for this type of study. 

THE TERM PULP is used to describe theraw material for the production of paper and allied products such as paper-board, fiberboard, and dissolving pulp for the subsequent manufacture of rayon, cellulose acetate, and other cellulose products. More specifically, pulp is wood or other biomass material that has undergone some degree of chemical or mechanical action to free the fibers either individually or as fiber bundles from an enbodying matrix. Paper,... 

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