Raw Materials and Production

All societies depend on raw materials for the food, shelter, tools, facilities, and 

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In most processes, the largest individual cost is raw materials. Raw materials costs and product prices tend to have the largest influence on the economic performance of the process. The value of raw materials and products depends on whether the materials in question are being bought and sold under a contractual arrangement (either within or outside the company) or on the open market (the spot price). Open-market prices can fluctuate considerably with time. Products are normally sold at below open-market price when under a contractual arrangement. 

The values of raw materials and products can be found in trade journals such as Chemical Marketing Reporter (Schnell Publishing Company) and European Chemical News (Reed Business Publishing... 

Throughout the history of the development of fats and oils, many wet chemical methods have been developed to assess the quaUty of the raw materials and products. As sophisticated instmmentation develops, many of the wet methods are being replaced. Particular attention is being given to methods that eliminate the use of solvents which cause an environmental disposal problem. Many in-line sensors are also being developed to allow corrections of critical parameters to be made more quickly in the process. 

II. Raw materials and products (refers to hazards and special handling requirements)... 

One of the most important tasks in Analytical chemistry is the effective and express microquantity determination of toxic metals and biologically active organic materials in different objects of environment, raw materials and products of food technology and biotechnology. 

Health, Safety and Environmental Information MSDS for Raw Materials and Product Previous Process Hazard Analyses... 

As discussed in Chapter 2, The Toller Selection Process, evaluating the site s safe work practice procedures should have been a part of the review during the toller selection process. Still, new materials may indicate a need to revise or develop special procedures to address unique chemical and physical hazards. New hazards such as vacuum, ciyogenics, ultra-high pressure, or new rotating equipment could be introduced. Medical monitoring requirements or special handling and spill response procedures for the toll s raw materials and products may indicate a need to write or revise safe work practices. 

Is there a copy at the facility of all Material Safety Data Sheets for ABC Co. raw materials and products used at the facility ... 

Using high purity raw materials and products can reduce the amount the waste material that must be handled. 

Space demands for machinery, tools, working, and stocking areas for raw materials and products. 

Space demands for machinery, tools, work areas, and for stocking raw materials and products must be outlined. The logistics for the production line are often the basis for this consideration. 

May halt raw material and product sliipping alternative truck or rail shipping may be used Thennal stresses and embrittlement may occur in storage tanks... 

The first synthetic separator is still in use today in some geographical areas, for two reasons this separator is unchallenged in its low raw-material and production costs... 

Thirty days capacity often is specified for raw materials and products, but depends on connecting transportation equipment schedules. 

Processes and equipment are required to separate valuable solids from unwanted material, and for size grading (classifying) solid raw materials and products. 

The values of raw materials and products can be found in trade journals such as Chemical Marketing Reporter (published by Schnell Publishing Company), European Chemical News and Asian Chemical News (published by Reed Business Information). However, the values reported in such sources will be subject to short-term fluctuations, and long-term forecasts will be required for investment analysis. 

Storage. Some of the largest inventories of hazardous materials tend to be held up in the storage of raw materials and products and intermediate (buffer) storage. 

Eight volumes that give the sources of raw materials and products together with processes and processing data. 

This set of constraints ensures that each reaction commences after the completion of the other reactions, since they share the same units. The following constraints are also required to ensure that raw materials and products of each reaction are used and produced at the same point in time, respectively. 

The industrial case study presented in this section is taken from the petrochemicals industry. The project is in the design phase and as such the design model will be used to determine the design which leads to the minimum capital cost, while using the PIS operational philosophy. For secrecy reasons the example has been modified and the names of the raw materials and products have been changed to the generic form. 

It is important to note the impact of the reactor on the resulting model. Since the reactor does not use water at all, water mass balances around the reactor are not required. The reactor can also be excluded from the reuse scheduling as the operation of the reactor does not directly affect the reuse of water. However, task scheduling constraints are still required for the reactor as are raw material and product mass balances. 

It is evident even to the casual observer that the vast majority of pharmaceutical products are administered as solid dosage forms, which are in turn produced by the formulation and processing of powdered solids. All too often characterization of raw materials and products has centered on aspects of chemical purity, with only passing attention being given to the physical properties of the solids. However, every pharmaceutical scientist knows of at least one instance in which a crisis arose due to some variation in the physical properties of input materials, and in which better characterization would have prevented the problem. 

As can be seen from the above list, runaway reactions do not occur by a single mechanism. They can take place not only in reactors but also in raw material and product storage containers and vessels, purification systems, and anywhere else exothermic reactive systems and selfreacting materials (as described below) are involved. 

Procurement Planning detailing the planning requirements for procurement of raw materials and products for a commodity business by volume and values... 

It should be noted that MSDSs are not required for all chemical intermediates and byproducts. These should be considered in addition to raw materials and products. Also, be aware that storage, handling or processing at higher temperatures or pressures may initiate an uncontrolled reaction in a material or mixture that is apparently unreactive closer to ambient conditions. 

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