Raw herbs

The dry raw herbs are ground into powder and are mixed either with water or with a viscous medium and shaped into pills. These may be of different sizes, depending on the practitioner s specification. 

The dry raw herbs are cut into small pieces and made into a tea by infusing in boiling water. The herbal tea is drunk from time to time over the course of the day just like drinking normal tea. 

The LD50 of Astragalus is approximately 40 g/kg when administered by intraperitoneal injection. Overall it is very safe and doses as high as 100 g/kg of the raw herb have been given to rats with no adverse effect. 

Cardiotoxicity (Scotch) broom Cytisus scoparius 2% tyramine and 0.01 >k-022% sparteine in aerial parts (—) inotrope, quinidine-like antiarrhythmic Toxic effects with >30 g raw herb... 

There is no control on the import and use of raw herbs in the country. Raw herbs should not include substances listed in the Schedule of the Poisons Act (Chapter 234) however. 

In reference to the raw herbs, the gatherers interviewed stressed how the association with GMCL has allowed them to get better prices from those offered previously by local traders. In the past the villagers pointed out that they had to bear costs of transporting the raw material to the local market. Price fluctuation was a major problem, so that the gathering activity was not profitable for them. 

Fluid extract- a liquid extract of raw plant material, usually of a concentration ratio of 1 part raw herb to 1 part solvent. 

The caffeine-containing dietary ingredient is an herb or herbal source ingredient that is less concentrated than a 1 1 weight/weight or weight/ volume concentration ratio of raw herb to dietary ingredient or... 

In the early 19 century, when methods of chemical analysis first became available, scientists began extracting and modifying active ingredients from natural sources. They discovered and developed totally new versions of these plant conqmunds and begun the transition from raw herbs and natural substaiKes to synttietic pharmaceuticals. The active use of natural materials thus declined in vour of synthetic jdiaimaceuticals (2). 

Crude and extracts. Crude (raw herb) comes in whole bundled form composed of mostly leaflets with little or no petioles or in loose form containing leaves with stems and petioles, also in powdered form. Cured form not available in bulk quantities. Extracts occasionally come with assay for flavonoids. 

Arctium lappa L. (burdock) is used as food, preventive and medical remedy. East medicine usually uses it as a fresh root of its first year of vegetation. In some countries burdock is cultivated for use as food and a medicinal herb. Thus the development of analytical documentation for this plant raw material is essential. 

The express method of phenolic compounds determination was designed. It is based on heterogeneous azo-coupling reaction of phenols, which different extracts of fresh raw material contain, with aryldiazonium salts grafted on the silica surface. We can carry out phenols analysis on-site, as formation of immobilized azocompounds leads to a drastic change in the sorbent s color. Thus, we pui pose a new method, that allows to indicate herb phenols in aqueous and non-aqueous medias and to compare it with a well-known Folin-Ciocalteau method. 

These designed methods will allow hereinafter development of the high-performance remedies, using biologically active substances from Arctium lappa L. root. Identification of stmcture and quality contents allows to obtain correct prediction of phamiacological properties of this groups of compounds. Express method allows to make supply of medical herb raw material more rational. 

Rockwell, P., and I. Raw. A mutagenic screening of various herbs, spices and food additives. Nutr Cancer 1979 1 10-15. 

Over the last few decades, safety has become one of the most important topics related to food. From this view, quality control of vegetable raw materials has at first to cover the following issues natural and anthropogenic contaminants (e.g. heavy metals, pollution from industrial and private combustions, not professionally deposited waste products, radionuclides), residues of fertilisers (e.g. nitrate), plant-conditioning and plant-protective agents, filth, pests, the microbial status and the occurrence of microbial toxins. It is not possible to discuss all these aspects in detail however, with a focus on herbs and spices, two of them should be stressed more thoroughly. For further information, see [8]. 

The recognition that active ingredients extracted from native herbs may have potential utility in modem medicine has given new incentive to worldwide efforts to conserve vulnerable populations of wild plant species.50 During the past decade, market demand for Chinese herbs around the world has increased sharply. And these resources have been avidly sought as raw material by drug processors in the East as well as the West. As a result of mass collecting, many natural habitats and the plant communities which they sustain have been decimated and some species are threatened or have become scarce. 

Another decision for the design engineer is the selection of the operation mode, whereby he can choose between the single- and cascade-mode of operation. In principle this is valid for multipurpose plants of medium scale, such as plants to extract spices and/or herbs. Fig. 8.1-6 gives data on the different production costs for a plant with a total extraction volume of 600 1, operated in different modes, but with the same capacity. The investigation is based on equal batch times (in our case 4 hours), equal mass-flow per kg of raw material and, of course, equal extraction- and separation conditions. 

Extracts of coffee bean and cocoa bean have been produced experimentally that contained about 3% of caffeine and 3% theobromine respectively without the disadvantage of flavour concentration typically associated with those raw materials. These are potentially alternative natural sources of effective stimulants to guarana and kola. Other supplementary herbs that have a place in energy... 

---