Rat spinal cord

Harrison JK, Barber CM, Lynch KR (1994) cDNA cloning of a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in rat spinal cord and brain related to chemokine receptors. Neurosci Lett 169 85-89 Harrison JK, Jiang Y, Chen S et al (1998) Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1-expressing microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 10896-10901... 

Glaum SR, Miller RJ, Hammond DL (1994) Inhibitory actions of delta 1-, delta 2-, and mu-opioid receptor agonists on excitatory transmission in lamina II neurons of adult rat spinal cord. 

Kohno T, Kumamoto E, Higashi H, Shimoji K, Yoshimura M (1999) Actions of opioids on excitatory and inhibitory transmission in substantia gelatinosa of adult rat spinal cord. J Physiol 518(Pt 3) 803-813... 

Bardoni, R, Goldstein, PA, Justin Lee, C, Gee, JG and MacDermott, AB (1997) ATP P2x receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 17 5297-5304. 

Lyons, W.E. Fritschy, J.-M. and Grzaima, R. The noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 eliminates the coeruleospinal projection but spares projections of the A5 and A7 groups to the ventral horn of the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci 9 1481-1489, 1989. 

Gladwell S., Coote J. (1999). Inhibitory and indirect excitatory effects of dopamine on sympathetic preganglionic neurones in the neonate rat spinal cord in vitro. Brain Res. 818, 397-407. 

Gill et al.21 Archival FFPE spinal cord tissue both paraformaldehyde-fixed frozen rat spinal cord tissue and paraffin-embedded same tissue To establish an optimal protocol for detection of low-abundance protein (NeuN) in human spinal cord FFPE tissue sections, testing three AR solutions of pH 6, alkaline, and acidic buffer, with three heating conditions 95,100, and 105°C Heating FFPE tissue sections in an alkaline buffer yields most effective AR-IHC staining results. 

Determinations of NO in a variety of biological systems have been made. For example, measurement of NO has been made in eyes [79-81], gastrointestinal tract [82, 83], brain tissue [47, 50, 84-87], kidney and kidney tubule fluid [88-93], rat and guinea pig isolated and intact hearts [94, 95], rat spinal cord [96], human monocyte cells [97], human endothelial cells [98], mitochondria [99, 100], rat penis corpus cavemo-sum [101], granulocytes [102], invertebrate ganglia and immunocytes [103], choroidal endothelial cells [104], cancer cells [105, 106], peripheral blood [107], human blood [108], human leukocytes [109], platelets [110-112], ears [113, 114], plants [115-118], and pteropod mollusk [119]. 

FIGURE 1-8 A dendrite (D) emerging from a motor neuron in the anterior horn of a rat spinal cord is contacted by four axonal terminals terminal 1 contains clear, spherical synaptic vesicles terminals 2 and 3 contain both clear, spherical and dense-core vesicles (arrow) and terminal 4 contains many clear, flattened (inhibitory) synaptic vesicles. Note also the synaptic thickenings and, within the dendrite, the mitochondria, neurofilaments and neurotubules. x33,000. 

Menei, P., Montero-Menei, C.,Whittemore, S. R., Bunge, R. P. and Bunge, M. B. Schwann cells genetically modified to secrete human BDNF promote enhanced axonal regrowth across transected adult rat spinal cord. Eur J. Neurosci. 10 607-621, 1998. 

Nygren, L. G., Fuxe, K., Jonsson, G., and Olson, L. (1974) Functional regeneration of 5-hydroxytryptamine nerve terminals in the rat spinal cord following 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine induced degeneration. Brain Res., 78 377-394. 

Lapadula DM, Irwin RD, Suwita E et al. 1986. Cross-linking of neurofilament proteins of rat spinal cord in vivo after administration of 2,5-hexanedione. J Neurochem 46 1843-1850. 

Liu D, Thangnipon W, McAdoo DJ. 1991. Excitatory amino acids rise to toxic levels upon impact injury to the rat spinal cord. Brain Res 547(2) 344-348. 

Ono H, Mishima A, Ono S, Fukuda H, Vasko MR (1991) Inhibitory effects of donidine and tizanidine on release of substance P from slices of rat spinal cord and antagonism by a-adrenergic receptor antagonists. Neuropharmacology 30, 585-589... 

Sullivan AP, Dashwood MR, Dickenson AH (1987) ai adrenoceptor modulation of nociception in rat spinal cord location, effects and interaction with morphine. Eur J Pharmacol 138 169-177... 

Wilcox GL, Carlsson KH, Jochim A, Jurna 1 (1987) Mutual potentiation of antinociceptive effects of morphine and clonidine in rat spinal cord. Brain Res 405 84-93... 

Marks IM, Stern RS, Mawson D, et al Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive compulsive rituals. Br J Psychiatry 136 1-25, 1980 Marley PD, Nagy Jl, Emson PC, et al Cholecystokinin in the rat spinal cord distribution and lack of effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment and rhizotomy. Brain Res 238 494-498, 1982... 

Akiyama, Y., Honmou, 0., Kato, T., Uede, T., Hashi, K., Kocsis, J.D. (2001). Transplantation of clonal neural precursor cells derived from adult human brain establishes functional peripheral myelin in the rat spinal cord. Exp Neurol, 167, 27-39. 

Adult-derived neural progenitor and stem cells have been transplanted into the CNS of normal and animal models in rodents. Adult rat hippocampal-derived neural progenitor and stem cells have been grafted into the hippocampus, where they differentiated into neuronal and glial cells [12]. In another study, adult rat spinal-cord-derived neural progenitor and stem... 

Lopez-Garcia, J. A. and Laird, J. M. Central antinociceptive effects of meloxicam on rat spinal cord in vitro, Neuroreport 1998, 9, 647-651. 

Farkas, S., Kocsis, P., Bielik, N. Comparative characterisation of the centrally acting muscle relaxant RGH-5002 and tolperisone and of lidocaine based on their effects on rat spinal cord in vitro, Neurobiology 1997, 5, 57-58. 

N-type Ca2+ channels for instance are located at presynaptic termini of neurons where they are directly involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Staining of the dorsal laminae of the rat spinal cord revealed a complementary distribution of class A and class B Ca2+ channels in nerve terminals in the deeper versus the superficial laminae. Many of the nerve terminals immunoreactive for class B N-type Ca2+ channels also contain substance P, an important neuropeptide in pain pathways, suggesting the N-type Ca2+ channels are predominant at synapses that carry nociceptive information to the spinal cord (Westernbroek etal., 1998). 

Varying distributions of expression of the mRNA for the various subunits of mGluRs have been detected throughout the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, with the exception of mGluR2, mGluR6 and mGluR8, which are undetectable in rat spinal cord (Yashpal et al., 2001). 

Boxall, S. J., Thompson, S. W., Dray, A., Dickenson, A. H., Urban, L. Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation contributes to nociceptive reflex activity in the rat spinal cord in vitro, Neuroscience. 1996, 4, 13-20. 

Boxall, S.J., Berthele, A., Laurie, D.J., Sommer, B., Zieglgansberger, W., Urban, L., Tolle, T. R. Enhanced expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 messenger RNA in the rat spinal cord during ultraviolet irradiation induced peripheral inflammation, Neuroscience. 1998, 82, 591-602. 

Chizh, B. A., Schlutz, H., Scheed, M., Englberger, W. The N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonistic and opioid components of D-methadone antinociception in the rat spinal cord, Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 296, 117-120. 

Prybylowski, K. L., Grossman, S. D., Wrathall, J. R., Wolfe, B. B. Expression of splice variants of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the normal and injured rat spinal cord, J. Neurochem. 2001, 76, 797-805. 

Yung, K. K. L. Localization of glutamate receptors in dorsal horn of rat spinal cord, Neuroreport 1998, 9, 1639-1644. 

Furuyama, T., Kiyama, H., Sato, K., Park, H.T., Maeno, H., Takagi, H., Tohyama, M. Region-specific expression of subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA-type, KA-type, and NMDA receptors) in the rat spinal cord with special reference to nociception, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1993, 18, 141-151. 

Naguib, M. and Yaksh, T.L. Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes that mediate antinociception in the rat spinal cord, Anesth. Analg. 1997, 85, 847-853. 

Surprisingly, the vanilloid receptor ligand capsaicin supplied the first experimental evidence for the association between SP and nociception (Gasparovic et al., 1964). Capsaicin depletes small primary afferents of at least SP, if not all of their peptide content, and this was accompanied by hypoalgesia. SP depolarizes the ventral root of an isolated rat spinal cord preparation (Konishi and Otsuka, 1974), and has also been shown to excite and/or depolarize neurons in the dorsal root (Urban et al., 1985). Furthermore, in studies on the larger laminae IV and V neurons, the selective agonist, [Sar9,... 

Morris, R., Bleazard, L., Hill, R. G. .The responses of neurons, in the deep dorsal horn of rat spinal cord slices in vitro, to the application of neurokinin agonists are correlated with their responses to peripheral nerve stimulation, J. Physiol. 1992, 452, 252P. 

Parsons, A.M. and Seybold, V.S. Calcitonin gene-related peptide induces the formation of second messengers in primary cultures of neonatal rat spinal cord, Synapse 1997, 26, 235-242. 

Trudrung, P., Wirth, U., Mense, S. Changes in the number of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurones on both sides of a chronic transection of the rat spinal cord, Neurosci. Lett. 2000, 287, 125-128. 

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