Rare earth elements in seawater

Klinkhammer, G., Elderfield, H. and Hudson, A. (1983) Rare earth elements in seawater near hydrothermal vents. Nature (London), 362, 185-188. 

Elderfield and Greaves [629] have described a method for the mass spectromet-ric isotope dilution analysis of rare earth elements in seawater. In this method, the rare earth elements are concentrated from seawater by coprecipitation with ferric hydroxide and separated from other elements and into groups for analysis by anion exchange [630-635] using mixed solvents. Results for synthetic mixtures and standards show that the method is accurate and precise to 1% and blanks are low (e.g., 1() 12 moles La and 10 14 moles Eu). The method has been applied to the determination of nine rare earth elements in a variety of oceanographic samples. Results for North Atlantic Ocean water below the mixed layer are (in 10 12 mol/kg) 13.0 La, 16.8 Ce, 12.8 Nd, 2.67 Sm, 0.644 Eu, 3.41 Gd, 4.78 Dy, 407 Er, and 3.55 Yb, with enrichment of rare earth elements in deep ocean water by a factor of 2 for the light rare earth elements, and a factor of 1.3 for the heavy rare earth elements. 

Tian-Hong Zhang et al. [652] have reported a new ion exchange chelating fibre with aminophosphonic and dithiocarbamate groups, based on polyacrylonitrile for the preconcentration of rare earth elements in seawater prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rare... 

Wen et al. [950] used 8-hydroxyquinoline immobilised on a polyarylonitrile hollow fibre membrane to achieve a 300-fold concentration factor for rare earth elements in seawater. 

Piepgras, D.J. and Jacobsen, B. (1992) The behavior of rare earth elements in seawater precise determination of variations in the North Pacific water column. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 1851-1862. 

Elderfield H. and Greaves M. J. (1982) The rare earth elements in seawater. Nature 296, 214—219. 

Elderfield H, Greaves MJ (1982) The rare earth elements in seawater. Nature 296 214-219 Elderfield H, Pagett R (1986) Rare earth elements in ichthyoliths Variations with redox conditions and depositional environment. Sci Total Environ 49 175-197 Elderfield H, Sholkovitz ER (1987) Rare earth elements in the pore waters of reducing near-shore sediments. Earth Planet Sci Lett 82 280-288... 

Alibo DS and Nozaki Y (1999) Rare earth elements in seawater particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 363-1,71. 

S. Hirata, T. Kajiya, M. Aihara, K. Honda, and O. Shikino. Determination of rare earth elements in seawater by on-line column preconcentration inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Talanta 58 1185-1194, 2002. 

Bei, W., Xiao-Quan, S., and Shu-Guang, X. (1999). Pieconcentration of ultratrace rare earth elements in seawater with 8-hydroxyquinoUne immobilized polyacrylonitrile hollow fiber membrane for determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst (London) 124(4), 621. 

Shabani, M. B., Akagi,T., and Masuda, A. (1992). Preconcentration of trace rare-earth elements in seawater by complexation with bis(2-ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate and 2-ethylhexyl dihydrogen phosphate adsorbed on a Csub 18 cartridge and determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 64(7),... 

Vicente, O., Padro, A., Martinez, L., and Olsina, R. (1998). Determination of some rare earth elements in seawater by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using flow injection preconcentration. Spectrochim.Acta, Part B 53(9), 1281. 

Zhang,T.-H., Shan, X.-Q., Liu, R.-X.,Tang, H.-X., and Zhang, S.-Z. (1998). Preconcentration of rare earth elements in seawater with poly(acrylaminophosphonic dithiocarba-mate) chelating fiber prior determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ana/. Chem. 70(18), 3964. 

Willie, S. N. and Sturgeon, R. E. (2001) Determination of transition and rare earth elements in seawater by flow injection inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Spectrochim. Acta B, 56,1707. 

Concentrations of rare earth elements In average seawater and average river water normalized to NASC The data are given in Table 4.6, columns 9 and 10. Normalizing values are from Table 4.6 column 5. Note that the concentrations in seawater and river wamr are quoted in mol and must in this case be multiplied by the atomic weight. Concentrations shown are X 10". ... 

ESI, SeaMSTREE ICP-MS for Preconcentration and Detection of Rare Earth Elements in Undiluted Seawater, Application Note, 2009, http //www.icpms.com/pdf/seaFAST REE ICPMS Element2.pdf. 

Sawatari, H.,Toda,T, Saizuka,T, Kimata, C., Itoh,A., and Haraguchi, H. (1995). Multielement determination of rare earth elements in coastal seawater by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after preconcentration using chelating resin. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 68(11), 3065. 

Iieser et al. [628] studied the application of neutron activation analysis to the determination of trace elements in seawater. The rare earths included in this study were cerium and europium. The element concerned were adsorbed onto charcoal. Between 75% and 100% of the elements were adsorbed onto the charcoal which was then subjected to analysis by neutron activation analysis. Cerium (300 p,g/l) and europium (0.00082 pg/1) were found in North Sea water by this method. 

The chemistry of rare earth elements makes them particularly useful in studies of marine geochemistry [637]. But the determination of rare earths in seawater at ultratrace levels has always been a difficult task. Of the various methods applied, instrumental neutron activation analysis and isotope dilution mass spectrometry were the main techniques used for the determination of rare earths in seawater. However, sample preparation is tedious and large amounts of water are required in neutron activation analysis. In addition, the method can only offer relatively low sample throughputs and some rare earths cannot be determined. The main drawbacks of isotopic dilution mass spectrometry are that it is time-consuming and expensive, and monoisotopic elements cannot be determined as well. 

Sholkovitz ER, Elderfield H, Szymczak R, Casey K (1999) Island weathering riverine sources of rare earth elements to the western Pacific Ocean. Marine Chem 68 39-57 Skulan JL, Beard BL, Johnson CM (2002) Kinetic and equilibrium Fe isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(III) and hematite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 66 2995-3015 Sumner DY (1997) Carbonate precipitation and oxygen stratification in Late Archean seawater as deduced from facies and stratigraphy of the Gamohaan and Frisco Formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Am J Sci 297 455-487... 

Trace metals, such as copper, nickel, cobalt, zinc, and various rare earth elements, tend to coprecipitate with or adsorb onto Fe-Mn oxides. As shown in Table 18.1, this causes these elements to be highly enriched in the hydrogenous deposits as compared to their concentrations in seawater. The degree of enrichment is dependent on various environmental factors, such as the redox history of the underlying sediments and hydrothermal activity. This makes the composition of the oxides geographically variable. 

Zhang, J. and Nozaki, Y. (1996) Rare earth elements and yttrium in seawater ICP-MS determinations in the East Caroline, Coral Sea, and South Fiji Basins of the Western South Pacific Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 4631 1644. 

Paris by the French scientist Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. Its isolation was made possible by the development of ion-exchange separation in the 1950s. Dysprosium belongs to a series of elements called rare earths, lanthanides, or 4f elements. The occurrence of dysprosium is low 4.5 ppm (parts per million), that is, 4.5 grams per metric ton in Earth s crust, and 2 x 10 7 ppm in seawater. Two minerals that contain many of the rare earth elements (including dysprosium) are commercially important mon-azite (found in Australia, Brazil, India, Malaysia, and South Africa) and bast-nasite (found in China and the United States). As a metal, dysprosium is reactive and yields easily oxides or salts of its triply oxidized form (Dy3+ ion). 

Byrne R. H. and Kim K. H. (1990) Rare earth element scavenging in seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 2645-2656. 

Bright C. A., Lyons T. W., MacLeod K. G., Glascock M. D., Rexroad C. B., Brown L. M., and Ethington R. L. Arguments against preservation of primary seawater signals in the rare-earth element compositions of biogenic (conodont) apatite. J. Sedim. Res. (submitted). 

HAs04 as well as the rare earth elements (REE). Precipitation of particulate Mn oxides takes place much more slowly, mainly in the neutrally buoyant plume where the oxidation is bacterially mediated. Because of the slow precipitation rate, particulate Mn concentrations increase in the plume to a maximum 80-150 km from the vent. 80% of the hydrothermal Mn is deposited on the sea floor within several hundred km of the vent field but the remaining Mn still raises the background concentration of Mn in seawater several-fold (Lavelle et al. 1992). The residence time of hydrothermal Mn in seawater is several years. German and Angel (1995) have estimated that the total hydro-thermal Mn flux to the oceans is 6.85-10 kgyr. This... 

Fig. 13.12 Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in hydrothermal fluids versus Atlantic seawater at 2,500 m (Elderfield and Greaves 1982) normalized to MORE (Sun 1980). Symbols indicate measurements of different vent fluids from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field at 37°17 N Mid-Atlantic Ridge (after Klinkhammer et al. 1995).

Shinomiya T, Shinomiya K, Orimoto C, Minami T, Tohno Y, Yamada M (1998) In- and out-flows of elements in bones embedded in reference soils. Forensic Sci Inti 98 109-118 Sholkovitz ER, Landing WM, Lewis BL (1994) Ocean particle chemistry—the fractionation of rare-earth elements between suspended particles and seawater. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 1567-1579 Sillen A (1986) Biogenic and diagenetic Sr/Ca in Plio-Pleistocene fossils of the Omo Shungura Formation. Paleobiol 12 311-323... 

Table 2 Rare earth elements associated with particulate matter in seawater ...

Except for normal elements, the typical elements were also studied such as rare earth elements, radionuclide, Te, I, and Al in seawater. 

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