Particle Chemistry

Physical and numerical models are created describing the d3mamics of turbulent combustion in heterogeneous mixtures of gas with polydispersed particles. The models take into account the thermal destruction of particles, chemistry in the gas phase, and heterogeneous oxidation on the surface influenced by both diffusive and kinetic factors. The models are validated against independent experiments and enable the determination of peculiarities of turbulent combustion of polydispersed mixtures. 

Particle chemistry impactor particle impaction postflight X-ray analysis 38... 

Sholkovitz, E.R., Landing, W.M. and Lewis, B.L. (1994) Ocean particle chemistry the fractionation of rare earth elements between suspended particles and seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 58, 1567-1579. 

Particle chemistries were generated using several core/shell systems (Table 4), listing corona (and antigen) and shell solution composition, their ratio at production and dose used in mice. All particles were positively charged. The preparation of antigen (TT, DT)-loaded CT/TPP nanoparticles was described by Cal-vo et al. [14]. 

Owing to their irregular shapes the majority of the particles present in an indoor environment have large surface areas, which provide an opportunity for particles to serve as sinks for a variety of organic species. Semivolatile substances are found both in the particulate and in the vapour phases, volatile compounds occur mostly in the gas phase and substances with very low vapour pressure are adsorbed almost exclusively. In addition to the surface area of the particles, the vapour pressure of organic compounds also plays an important role in determining whether they will be found in the gas phase or adsorbed on particle matter. More information on particle chemistry is provided in Sect. 4.3. 

Shinomiya T, Shinomiya K, Orimoto C, Minami T, Tohno Y, Yamada M (1998) In- and out-flows of elements in bones embedded in reference soils. Forensic Sci Inti 98 109-118 Sholkovitz ER, Landing WM, Lewis BL (1994) Ocean particle chemistry—the fractionation of rare-earth elements between suspended particles and seawater. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 1567-1579 Sillen A (1986) Biogenic and diagenetic Sr/Ca in Plio-Pleistocene fossils of the Omo Shungura Formation. Paleobiol 12 311-323... 

Fuel-type classification by optical microscopy has been used with a high degree of success (80-90%) with power station ash (P. Street, pers. commun.). However, it is not convenient with particles extracted from lake sediments, because the number of particles available to embed in the resin is many orders of magnitude lower and the lacy particles would remain unclassified. Thus it would appear that there is currently no morphological approach which both effectively separates the fuel-types and is applicable to particles extracted from lake sediments. We must therefore turn to particle chemistry. 

Rose et al. (1996) described the development of a SCP characterisation for oil and coal fuel-types, using particle chemistries determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). This technique is described as semi-quantitative as the results are expressed as a percentage of the total of elements selected for analysis. Additionally, the EDS detector used was unable to determine elements lighter than sodium, and thus carbon and oxygen, most probably the major constituents in SCPs (c.f. traffic-derived soot Fruhstorfer Niessner, 1994), were not measurable and do not appear in the total. However, rather than being a drawback, this had a positive effect as the 17 trace elements analysed consequently appeared to be much more important to the particle composition than in reality, and it was these, rather than the carbon content, which were used in differentiating between the fuel-types. 

Besides the importance of the specific molecular species interacting with the particle, which properly falls under the domain of heterogeneous nucleation, particle chemistry is of fundamental importance in the domain of interaction forces. 

Nanotechnology is widely used as a generic term encompassing a new application (nanotechnology) as well as to understand a scientific behavior for particle chemistry... 

A. Manna, T. Imae, K. Aoi, M. Okada, T. Yogo, Synthesis of Dendrimer-Passivated Noble Metal Nanoparticles in a Polar Medium Comparison of Size between Silver and Gold Particles, Chemistry of Materials 13, 1674, 2001. 

J. Pink, C.J. Kiely, D. BetheU, D.J. Schiflrin, Self-Organization of Nanosized Gold Particles, Chemistry of Materials 10(3), 922, 1998. 

F. Caruso, R. A. Caruso and H. Moehwald, Production of Hollow Microspheres from Nanostructured Composite Particles, Chemistry of Materials, 11(11), 3309-3314 (1999). 

Barbe. Encapsulation and controlled release from silica particles. Chemistry in Australia Kalaiselvan R, Mohanta GP, Manna PK (2006) Pharmazie 61 618... 

Generate well-characterized aerosols of various particle chemistries... 

One objective of the NOSH Consortium was to develop robust synthesis methods to generate the broad particle chemistries using a variety of... 

Can correlations be made between filtration efficiencies of SI02 vs. NaCI vs. citric acid vs. others n How do NaCI/DOP materials compare to other particle chemistries ... 

The interface between metal clusters (Chapter 15) and bulk metals is explored in Bonding in Molecular Clusters and Their Relationship to Bulk Metals by D. M. P. Mingos, Chem. Soc. Rev. (1986) 15, 31 (this reference uses some of the language of Chapter 15), and Colloidal Semiconductor Q-Particles Chemistry in the Transition Region Between Solid State and Molecules by H. Weller, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. (1993) 32, 41. 

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