Marine geochemistry

Stallard, R. F. and Edmond, J. M. (1981). Geochemistry of the Amazon 1. Precipitation chemistry and the marine contribution to the dissolved load at the time of peak discharge. /. Geophys. Res. 86, 9844-9858. 

Holser, W.T. and Kaplan, I.R. (1966) Isotope geochemistry of sedimentary sulfates. Chem. Geol., 1, 93-135. Huerta-Diaz and Morse, J.W. (1992) Pyritization of trace metals in anoxic marine sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 56, 2681-2702. 

Nozaki Y, Yamada M, Nikaido H (1990) The marine geochemistry of actinium-227 evidence for its migration through sediment pore water. Geophys Res Lett 17 1933-1936 Nozaki Y (1993) Actinium-227 a steady state tracer for the deep-se basin wide circulation and mixing studes. In Deep Ocean Circulation, Physical and Chemical Aspects. Teramoto T (ed) Elsevier p 139-155... 

The geochemistry of marine sediments is a major source of information about the past environment. Of the many measurements that provide such information, those of the U-series nuclides are unusual in that they inform us about the rate and timescales of processes. Oceanic processes such as sedimentation, productivity, and circulation, typically occur on timescales too short to be assessed using parent-daughter isotope systems such as Rb-Sr or Sm-Nd. So the only radioactive clocks that we can turn to are those provided by cosmogenic nuclides (principally or the U-series nuclides. This makes the U-series nuclides powerful allies in the quest to understand the past ocean-climate system and has led to their widespread application over the last decade. 

Barnes CE, Cochran JK (1993) Uranium geochemistry in estuarine sediments Controls on removal and release processes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 57 555-569 Berkman PA, Foreman DW, Mitchell JC, Liptak RJ (1992) Scallop shell mineralogy and crystalline characteristics Proxy records for interpreting Antarctic nearshore marine hydrochemical variability. Contrib Antartic Research 57 27-38... 

Sacket WM, Mo T, Spalding RF, Exner ME (1973) A revaluation of the marine geochemistry of uranium. Symposium on the interaction of radioactive containments with the constituents of the marine... 

Gascoyne M (1992) Geochemistry of the actinides and their daughters. In Uranium-series disequilibriiun Application to Earth, Marine, and Enviromnental Sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds), Oxford Sciences Publications, Oxford, p 34-61... 

Cochran JK (1984) The fates of U and Th decay series nuclides in the estuarine environment. In The Estuary as a Filter. Kennedy VS (ed) Academic Press, London, p 179-220 Cochran JK (1992) The oceanic chemistry of the uranium - and thorium - series nuclides. In Uranium-series Disequilibrium Applications to Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences. Ivanovich M, Harmon RS (eds) Clarendon Press, Oxford, p 334-395 Cochran JK, Masque P (2003) Short-lived U/Th-series radionuclides in the ocean tracers for scavenging rates, export fluxes and particle dynamics. Rev Mineral Geochem 52 461-492 Cochran JK, Carey AE, Sholkovitz ER, Surprenant LD (1986) The geochemistry of uranium and thorium in coastal marine-sediments and sediment pore waters. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50 663-680 Corbett DR, Chanton J, Burnett W, Dillon K, Rutkowski C. (1999) Patterns of groundwater discharge into Florida Bay. Linrnol Oceanogr 44 1045-1055... 

J.W. Farrington, Marine Organic Geochemistry Review and Challenges for the Future , Mar. Chem., special issue 1992, 39. 

Until now, Mercury has only been studied more closely by one spacecraft (Mariner 10, 1974), since its nearness to the sun means that spacecraft approaching it are subject to particularly extreme conditions. NASA s MESSENGER (Mercury Surface, Space, Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) was launched in 2004 and is planned to reach Mercury in March 2011, and then to orbit the planet. The main tasks of the MESSENGER mission are to map the planet, to make measurements of its magnetic field and to collect data relevant to its geological and tectonic history (Solomon, 2007). 

The chemistry of rare earth elements makes them particularly useful in studies of marine geochemistry [637]. But the determination of rare earths in seawater at ultratrace levels has always been a difficult task. Of the various methods applied, instrumental neutron activation analysis and isotope dilution mass spectrometry were the main techniques used for the determination of rare earths in seawater. However, sample preparation is tedious and large amounts of water are required in neutron activation analysis. In addition, the method can only offer relatively low sample throughputs and some rare earths cannot be determined. The main drawbacks of isotopic dilution mass spectrometry are that it is time-consuming and expensive, and monoisotopic elements cannot be determined as well. 

Anderson RF (1981) The marine geochemistry of thorium and protactinium. PhD dissertation. Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution WH01-81-1... 

Marine, I. W., Geochemistry of ground water at the Savannah River Plant, Savannah River Laboratory Report DP-1356, Aiken, South Carolina, 102 p., 1976. 

Turekian, K. K., Chan, L. H., The Marine Geochemistry of the Uranium Isotopes, 230Th and 231Pa, In Activation Analysis in Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 311-320 (1971). 

Brantley, S. L., D. A. Crerar, N.E. Mpllcr and J. H. Weare, 1984, Geochemistry of a modern marine evaporite, Bocana de Virrila, Peru. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 54,447-462. 

Meyers, W. J. and K. C. Lohmann, 1985, Isotope geochemistry of regional extensive calcite cement zones and marine components in Mississippian limestones, New Mexico. In N. Schneidermann and P. M. Harris (eds.), Carbonate Cements. SEPM Special Publication 36,223-239. 

Windom, H.L. and D.R. Kendall. 1979. Accumulation and biotransformation of mercury in coastal and marine biota. Pages 301-323 in J. 0. Nriagu (ed.). The Bio geochemistry of Mercury in the Environment. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, NY. 

Lawrence, M.G., Jupiter, S.D., Kamber, B. S. 2006. Aquatic geochemistry of the rare earth elements and yttrium in the Pioneer River catchment, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research, 57, 725-736. 

Collier, R. and Edmond, J. (1984). The trace element geochemistry of marine biogenic particulate matter, Prog. Oceanogr., 13, 113-199. 

Volkman, J. K., 1986, A Review of Sterol Markers for Marine and Terrigenous Organic Matter Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 9, pp. 83-99. 

Cronan, D. S. "Deep Sea Nodules Distribution and Geochemistry", p. 11 Mero, J. L. "Economic Aspects of Nodule Mining," p. 327 in Marine Manganese Deposits, Glasby, G. P., ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977. 

Brassell, S.C. 1993. Applications of biomarkers for delineating marine paleoclimatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene. Pp. 699-738 in Organic Geochemistry, M.H. Engel and S.A. Macko, eds., New York Plenum. 

Gelinas, Y., J.A. Baldock, and J.I. Hedges. 2001b. Demineralization of marine and freshwater sediments for CP/MAS 13C NMR analysis. Organic Geochemistry 32(5) 677-693. 

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