RANTES secreted

FQQPQQQYPSSQ elicited the highest TNF-a, IL-10, and RANTES secretion and increased IFN-y-primed NO production by female Balb/c/Ph mouse macrophages (TuckovA et al. 2002). 

Apo E, apolipoprotein E CAD, coronary artery disease FKN, fractalkine MHC, major histocompatibility complex MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases NK, natural killer oxLDL, oxidized LDL RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells. 

Fig. 4. The role of RANTES in recruiting monocytes and T lymphocytes to injured endothelium involves the binding of platelets to activated endothelium in a P-selectin-dependent manner with subsequent secretion of RANTES by bound platelets. RANTES can then attract CCR5-expressing monocytes and T cells to the damaged endothelium as well as causing monocyte firm adhesion to occur via binding to platelet-derived RANTES deposited on the endothelial cell layer.

Bums JM, Lewis GK, DeVico AL. Soluble complexes of regulated upon activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) and glycosaminoglycans suppress HIV-1 infection but do not induce Ca2+ signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999 96(25) 14499-14504. 

Histamine contributes to the progression of allergic-inflammatory responses by enhancement of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-la, IL-1(3, IL-6 as well as chemokines like RANTES or IL-8, both in several cell types and local tissues [26-29]. Endothelial cells express functional HRl and HR2 and increased adhesion molecule expression such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and P-selectin was demonstrated by histamine infusion via HRl [30-32]. Histamine regulates the expression of its own receptors on endothelial cells and influences the overall inflammatory reaction [33]. 

In addition to above-mentioned cytokines, IRIV were also shown to induce expression and secretion of various chemokines, such as IP-10, MIG, and Rantes (Schumacher R, unpublished). Secretion of chemokines is important for the recruitment of immune cells however, the relevance of this in vitro finding has not been addressed by migration assays or by in vivo studies so far. 

Platelet-derived chemokines CCL5 [regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)] and CXCL4 (PF4) influence macrophages adhesion to endothelial cell by triggering monocyte arrest in atherosclerotic arteries. RANTES was the most efficient arrest chemokine (33). PF4 induced neutrophil adhesion and secondary granule exocytosis. 

RANTES—factor regulated on activation normal T cells expressed and secreted... 

RANTES (Regulated upon Activation Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) is a member of the C-C chemokine subfamily. The RANTES protein is composed of 91 amino acids, including a 23 amino acid leader sequence... 

After binding and phagocytosis, alveolar macrophages and monocytes release pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. lL-1, interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-a (fig. 1). These cytokines activate resident cells (epithelial cells, fibroblasts) to produce chemokines such as lL-8, granulocyte-monocyte-colony-stimulating factor, RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) that will result in a second wave of cell recruitment (mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells). 

Moreover GSH concentration indirectly controls a host of redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-kB and AP-1, modulates the genes for pro-inflammatory mediators as well as protective antioxidant genes such as y-GCS, Mn-superoxide dismutase, and heme oxygenase-1. Also TNF-a, p38 MAP kinase activation and p38 MAP kinase-mediated RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cells expressed and secreted ) production is redox regulated [24]. The role of RANTES in the inflammatory and allergic response has been recently elucidated [25], indicating a role of intracellular GSH also in this particular field of inflammation. 

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