Raman review

Radium 9, 319-30 (1938). IR, Raman review, concludes H bond is electrostatic. 

CJ Frank. Raman Analysis in Pharmaceuticals in Raman Review. Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, 1998, pp 1-3. 

The behavior of insoluble monolayers at the hydrocarbon-water interface has been studied to some extent. In general, a values for straight-chain acids and alcohols are greater at a given film pressure than if spread at the water-air interface. This is perhaps to be expected since the nonpolar phase should tend to reduce the cohesion between the hydrocarbon tails. See Ref. 91 for early reviews. Takenaka [92] has reported polarized resonance Raman spectra for an azo dye monolayer at the CCl4-water interface some conclusions as to orientation were possible. A mean-held theory based on Lennard-Jones potentials has been used to model an amphiphile at an oil-water interface one conclusion was that the depth of the interfacial region can be relatively large [93]. 

Advances in Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy [36] provides review articles, both fiindamental and applied, in the fields... 

Plenary 15. B Scluader et al, e-mail address beriilrard.scluader uni-essen.de (NIR-FTRS). A review of the use of Raman spectroscopy in medical diagnostics. Its possibilities, limitations and expectations. Emphasizes the need for a library of reference spectra and the applications of advanced analysis (chemometry) for comparing patient/library spectra. 

Plenary 79. FI G M Edwards, e-mail address h.g.m.edwards bradford.ac.uk (NIR-FTRS). A review of recent applications of RS to archeology—characterizing ancient pigments, human skin, bone, ivories, teeth, resins, waxes and gums. Aging effects and dating possibilities. Emphasizes use of microscopic Raman. 

TaF has been characterized by ir, Raman, x-ray diffraction, and mass spectrometry (3,11,12). TaF has been used as a superacid catalyst for the conversion of CH to gasoline-range hydrocarbons (qv) (12) in the manufacture of fluoride glass and fluoride glass optical fiber preforms (13), and incorporated in semiconductor devices (14). TaF is also a catalyst for the Hquid-phase addition of HF to polychlorinated ethenes (15). The chemistry of TaF has been reviewed (1,16—19). Total commercial production for TaF is thought to be no more than a few hundred kilograms aimuaHy. 

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. If the excitation wavelength is chosen to correspond to an absorption maximum of the species being studied, a 10 —10 enhancement of the Raman scatter of the chromophore is observed. This effect is called resonance enhancement or resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. There are several mechanisms to explain this phenomenon, the most common of which is Franck-Condon enhancement. In this case, a band intensity is enhanced if some component of the vibrational motion is along one of the directions in which the molecule expands in the electronic excited state. The intensity is roughly proportional to the distortion of the molecule along this axis. RR spectroscopy has been an important biochemical tool, and it may have industrial uses in some areas of pigment chemistry. Two biological appHcations include the deterrnination of helix transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (18), and the elucidation of several peptide stmctures (19). A review of topics in this area has been pubHshed (20). 

More recently, Raman spectroscopy has been used to investigate the vibrational spectroscopy of polymer Hquid crystals (46) (see Liquid crystalline materials), the kinetics of polymerization (47) (see Kinetic measurements), synthetic polymers and mbbers (48), and stress and strain in fibers and composites (49) (see Composite materials). The relationship between Raman spectra and the stmcture of conjugated and conducting polymers has been reviewed (50,51). In addition, a general review of ft-Raman studies of polymers has been pubUshed (52). 

The crystalline mineral silicates have been well characterized and their diversity of stmcture thoroughly presented (2). The stmctures of siHcate glasses and solutions can be investigated through potentiometric and dye adsorption studies, chemical derivatization and gas chromatography, and laser Raman, infrared (ftir), and Si Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance ( Si ft-nmr) spectroscopy. References 3—6 contain reviews of the general chemical and physical properties of siHcate materials. 

Spectroscopy, aimual reviews of new analytical instmmentation from the Pittsburgh Conference on Analytical Chemistry and AppHed Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemisty, "Fundamental Reviews" (June 1994, June 1996), analytical appHcations of infrared, ultraviolet, atomic absorption, emission, Raman, fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, and x-ray spectroscopy. 

In pyrroelecttic devices, a charge is developed across the film in response to heating and such devices may serve as k-detectors (see Infrared TECHNOLOGY AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY). Pie2oelecttic appHcations are promising as sound detectors, because for these, a charge is developed across the film in response to pressure. A review is available (74). 

The mechanisms of lead corrosion in sulfuric acid have been studied and good reviews of the Hterature are available (27—30). The main techniques used in lead corrosion studies have been electrochemical measurements, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. More recendy, laser Raman spectroscopy and photoelectrochemistry have been used to gain new insight into the corrosion process (30,31). 

A number of reviews have appeared covering the various aspects of borate glasses. The stmcture, physical properties, thermochemistry, reactions, phase equihbria, and electrical properties of alkah borate melts and glasses have been presented (73). The apphcation of x-ray diffraction, nmr, Raman scattering, in spectroscopy, and esr to stmctural analysis is available (26). Phase-equihbrium diagrams for a large number of anhydrous borate systems are included in a compilation (145), and thermochemical data on the anhydrous alkah metal borates have been compiled (17). 

Abstract—Experimental and theoretical studies of the vibrational modes of carbon nanotubes are reviewed. The closing of a 2D graphene sheet into a tubule is found to lead to several new infrared (IR)- and Raman-active modes. The number of these modes is found to depend on the tubule symmetry and not on the diameter. Their diameter-dependent frequencies are calculated using a zone-folding model. Results of Raman scattering studies on arc-derived carbons containing nested or single-wall nanotubes are discussed. They are compared to theory and to that observed for other sp carbons also present in the sample. 

Recent developments in the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition have been discussed in reviews dealing with acid solutions " and neutral solu-tions - . Novel and improved experimental techniques, e.g. surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy , infrared spectroscopy. Auger electron spectroscopyX-ray photoelectron spectroscopyand a.c. impedance analysis have been used to study the adsorption, interaction and reaction of inhibitors at metal surfaces. 

Film-forming chemical reactions and the chemical composition of the film formed on lithium in nonaqueous aprotic liquid electrolytes are reviewed by Dominey [7], SEI formation on carbon and graphite anodes in liquid electrolytes has been reviewed by Dahn et al. [8], In addition to the evolution of new systems, new techniques have recently been adapted to the study of the electrode surface and the chemical and physical properties of the SEI. The most important of these are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, NMR, EPR, calorimetry, DSC, TGA, use of quartz-crystal microbalance (QCMB) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

This review will endeavor to outline some of the advantages of Raman Spectroscopy and so stimulate interest among workers in the field of surface chemistry to utilize Raman Spectroscopy in the study of surface phenomena. Up to the present time, most of the work has been directed to adsorption on oxide surfaces such as silicas and aluminas. An examination of the spectrum of a molecule adsorbed on such a surface may reveal information as to whether the molecule is physically or chemically adsorbed and whether the adsorption site is a Lewis acid site (an electron deficient site which can accept electrons from the adsorbate molecule) or a Bronsted acid site (a site which can donate a proton to an adsorbate molecule). A specific example of a surface having both Lewis and Bronsted acid sites is provided by silica-aluminas which are used as cracking catalysts. 

Earlier in this review, the relationship between the Raman and infrared spectra of molecules possessing high or low symmetry was considered. It was indicated that for molecules possessing a center of symmetry, no vibration is active in both the Raman and infrared spectra. Several adsorbates in this category and one of intermediate symmetry have been studied by laser Raman spectroscopy (Table IX), and most of these spectra are considered in this section. 

Cryogenic inorganic chemistry a review of metal-gas reactions as studied by matrix isolation infrared and Raman spectroscopic techniques, G. A. Ozin and A. Vander Voet, Prog. Inorg. Chem., 1975,19,105-172 (303). 

The resonance Raman effect — review of the theory and of applications in inorganic chemistry. R. J. H. Clark and B. Stewart, Struct. Bonding (Berlin), 1979, 36, 1-80 (110). 

As a prelude to the discussion it is necessary to consider the definition of orientation in terms of the Euler angles, and the definition ofan orientation distribution function in terms ofan expansion ofLegendre functions. These definitions set the scene for examining the information which can be obtained from different spectroscopic techniques. In this review, infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance, will be considered. 

In this review the definition of orientation and orientation functions or orientation averages will be considered in detail. This will be followed by a comprehensive account of the information which can be obtained by three spectroscopic techniques, infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and broad line nuclear magnetic resonance. The use of polarized fluorescence will not be discussed here, but is the subject of a contemporary review article by the author and J. H. Nobbs 1. The present review will be completed by consideration of the information which has been obtained on the development of molecular orientation in polyethylene terephthalate and poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) where there are also clearly defined changes in the conformation of the molecule. In this paper, particular attention will be given to the characterization of biaxially oriented films. Previous reviews of this subject have been given by the author and his colleagues, but have been concerned with discussion of results for uniaxially oriented systems only2,3). 

In this review recent theoretical developments which enable quantitative measures of molecular orientation in polymers to be obtained from infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance have been discussed in some detail. Although this is clearly a subject of some complexity, it has been possible to show that the systematic application of these techniques to polyethylene terephthalate and polytetramethylene terephthalate can provide unique information of considerable value. This information can be used on the one hand to gain an understanding of the mechanisms of deformation, and on the other to provide a structural understanding of physical properties, especially mechanical properties. 

The quantum theory of spectral collapse presented in Chapter 4 aims at even lower gas densities where the Stark or Zeeman multiplets of atomic spectra as well as the rotational structure of all the branches of absorption or Raman spectra are well resolved. The evolution of basic ideas of line broadening and interference (spectral exchange) is reviewed. Adiabatic and non-adiabatic spectral broadening are described in the frame of binary non-Markovian theory and compared with the impact approximation. The conditions for spectral collapse and subsequent narrowing of the spectra are analysed for the simplest examples, which model typical situations in atomic and molecular spectroscopy. Special attention is paid to collapse of the isotropic Raman spectrum. Quantum theory, based on first principles, attempts to predict the. /-dependence of the widths of the rotational component as well as the envelope of the unresolved and then collapsed spectrum (Fig. 0.4). 

This comprehensive review of theoretical models and techniques will be invaluable to theorists and experimentalists in the fields of infrared and Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance and flame thermometry. It will also be useful to graduate students of molecular dynamics and spectroscopy. 

Abstract Molecular spectroscopy is one of the most important means to characterize the various species in solid, hquid and gaseous elemental sulfur. In this chapter the vibrational, UV-Vis and mass spectra of sulfur molecules with between 2 and 20 atoms are critically reviewed together with the spectra of liquid sulfur and of solid allotropes including polymeric and high-pressure phases. In particular, low temperature Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique to identify single species in mixtures. In mass spectra cluster cations with up to 56 atoms have been observed but fragmentation processes cause serious difficulties. The UV-Vis spectra of S4 are reassigned. The modern XANES spectroscopy has just started to be applied to sulfur allotropes and other sulfur compounds. 

The first Raman and infrared studies on orthorhombic sulfur date back to the 1930s. The older literature has been reviewed before [78, 92-94]. Only after the normal coordinate treatment of the Sg molecule by Scott et al. [78] was it possible to improve the earlier assignments, especially of the lattice vibrations and crystal components of the intramolecular vibrations. In addition, two technical achievements stimulated the efforts in vibrational spectroscopy since late 1960s the invention of the laser as an intense monochromatic light source for Raman spectroscopy and the development of Fourier transform interferometry in infrared spectroscopy. Both techniques allowed to record vibrational spectra of higher resolution and to detect bands of lower intensity. 

Clarke RJH, Stewart B (1979) The Resonance Raman Effect. Review of the Theory and of AppUcations in Inorganic Chemistty 36 1-80... 

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