Radium ground water

Manheim FX, Pauli, CK (1981) Patterns of ground water salinity changes in a deep continental-oceanic transect off the southeastern Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. J Hydrol 54 95-105 Martin P, Akber RA (1999) Radium isotopes as indicators of adsorption-desorption interactions and barite formation in groundwater. J Environ Radioact 46 271-286 McCarthy J, Shevenell L (1998) Obtaining representative ground water samples in a fractured and karstic formation. Ground Water 36 251-260... 

Davis NM, Hon R, Dillon P. 1987. Determination of bulk radon emanation rates by high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy. In Graves B, ed. Radon, radium, and other radioactivity in ground water. Chelsea, Ml, Lewis Publishers, 111-122. 

Gilkeson RH, Specht SA, Cartwright K, et al. 1978. Geologic studies to identify the source for high level of radium and barium in Illinois ground- water supplies A preliminary report. Illinois State Geological Survey and Illinois State Water Survey. Urbana, Illinois University of Illinois, Water Resources Center. UILU-WRC-78-0135. 

Cothern CR. 1987. Development of regulations for radionuclides in drinking water. In Graves B, ed. Radon in ground water, radon, radium and other radioactivity in ground water Hydrogeologic impact and application to indoor airborne contamination. Proc National Water Well Association conference, Somerset, NJ, April 7-9, 1987. Chelsea, MI Lewis Publishers, Inc. 1-11. 

A variety of rocks, soils, sediments, dusts. Tores, and other solids are enriched in uranium (U) and thorium, which can decay to radon, radium, and other daughter products. Ground waters that have traveled through U-rich rocks, soils, and sediments. 

Other applications of NF membrane include organics removal from surface water, radium removal from ground water, sulfate removal from seawater, and food and pharmaceutical applications such as concentration of dilute solutions and desalting of cheese whey. 

In addition to these elemental fractionations, separation between the two long lived uranium isotopes, and U, occurs commonly in ground-waters (Cherdyntsev, 1971). Thus, although the ultimate parent of radium is 2 U, the local source for a radium anomaly may be comprised mostly of 230rpj little uranium, or U and in-grown little U... 

Macfarlane, P.A., 1980. Distribution of radium-226 in the Cambro-Ordovician ground-water system, Tri-State region, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Meet. South-Cent. Sect., Geol. Soc. Am., Rolla, Mo. (abstract). 

Naturally occurring radionuclides such as radium isotopes and radon-222 have gained popularity as tracers of SGD due to their enrichment in ground-water relative to other sources and their built-in radioactive clocks . The enrichment of these tracers is owed to the fact that the water-sediment ratio in aquifers is usually quite small and that aquifer sediments (and sediments in general) are enriched in many U and Th series isotopes while many of these isotopes are particle reactive and remain bound to the sediments, some like Ra can easily partition into the aqueous phase. Radon-222 (tia = 3.82 days) is the daughter product of Ra (G/2= 1600 years) and a noble gas therefore, it is even more enriched in groundwater than radium. 

Natural distributions of elements in subsurface geologic formations can give rise to ground water or soil zone contamination. Two examples of note are the generation of radioactive decay products (e.g., radon gas, radium) from natural thorium and uranium, and the release of naturally occurring arsenic or selenium from earth materials. 

Recently, a radium-specific disk, which is highly selective for Ra, has been developed by Empore. Joannon and Pin ° used this disk for chemical separation and determination of Ra in spring water with ICP-MS detection. In this paper, conventional separation methods using cation-exchange resins were compared to Sr-Spec and the Ra-disk method. The Ra-disk method can be applied to other environmental water samples, such as river and ground waters. Since these waters are used for drinking, determination of Ra in them will be inportant for radiation dose estimation in the future. 

After Julius Elster and Hans Geitel had noticed that the electrical conductivity of the air in caves and closed cellars is higher than that in the free atmosphere, they finally found that this was caused by the presence of emanations, or radioactive gases, in the ground. In a series of investigations from 1901 to 1906 they demonstrated the presence of radioactive elements in various kinds of rocks and soils, and showed that minute amounts of both radium and thorium are widely distributed in the earth s crust, in spring waters, in sea water, and in the atmosphere (85, 96). 

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