Radiotherapy and chemotherapy

There is another important aspect of DNA damages. A uniqne featnre of many cancerons tumors is the existence of hypoxic regions, that is, regions of oxygen-poor cells (Brown 1999). Snch cells are often resistant to more conventional forms of antitnmor treatment snch as radiotherapy and chemotherapy (Denny and Wilson 2000). There has been considerable effort for the identification... 

Bartehnk H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups. J Clin Oncol 1997 15 2040-2049. 

Rose PG, Bundy BN, Watkins EB, et al. Concurrent cisplatin-based radiotherapy and chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med 1999 340(15) 1144—1153. 

Wodinsky I, Swiniarski J, Kensler CJ, Venditti JM. Combination radiotherapy and chemotherapy for P388 lymphocytic leukemia in vivo. Cancer Treat Rep 1974 4 73. 

Cheng SH, Jian J J-M, Tsai SYC, et al. Long-term survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma following concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000 48 1323-1330. 

Koh W-J, Wallace J, Greer BE, et al. Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the management of local-regionally advanced vulvar cancer. Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys 1993 26 809-816. 

Fu KK, Phillips TL, Silverberg IJ, et al. Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy with bleomycin and methotrexate for advanced inoperable head and neck cancer update of a Northern California Oncology Group randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1987 5 1410-1418. 

Al-Sarraf M, Pajak TF, Marcial V A, et al. Concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cisplatin in inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. An RTOG Study. Cancer 1987 59 259-265. 

Merlano M, Benasso M, Corvo R, et al. Five-year update of a randomized trial of alternating radiotherapy and chemotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in treatment of unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996 88 583-589. 

Arriagada R, Pellac-Cosset B, Cueto Ladron de Guevara J, et al. Alternating radiotherapy and chemotherapy schedules in limited small-cell lung cancer analyses of local chest recurrences. Radiother Oncol 1991 20 91-98. 

Nygaard K, Hagen S, Hansen HS, et al. Pre-operative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma a randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J Surg 1992 16(6) 1104—1109. 

Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the treatment options for patients having pancreatic cancer. These treatment modalities have had a limited impact. 

Prospective Randomized Trials that Investigated the Role of Concurrent Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Patients with Loco regionally Advanced Cervical Cancer... 

For treating psoriasis, UVB phototherapy and PUVA are effective treatments that permit rapid control of the disease, but their side effects are similar to those of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. While these treatments can suppress the pathogenic change and rapidly improve the skin lesions, the heat penetrates into the blood, consumes the blood and Yin, and generates heat-toxin. Once the therapy is finished, the heat quickly arises and the skin lesions appear again, even worse than before the treatment, and the skin becomes more sensitive in general. In herbal treatment, one needs to reduce the heat-toxin, cool the blood, promote blood circulation and nourish the Yin. 

Soffietti R, Costanza A, Laguzzi E, et al. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy of brain metastases. J Neurooncol. 2005 75 31-42. 

Tucker MA, D Angio GJ, Boice JD, Strong LC, Li FP, Stovall M, Stone BJ, Green DM, Lombardi F, Newton W (1987) Bone sarcomas linked to radiotherapy and chemotherapy in children. N Engl J Med, 317 588-593. 

Surgery can cure lung cancer, but only one in five patients are suitable for this treatment. If the tumor has not spread outside the chest and does not involve vital structures such as the liver, then surgical removal may be possible, but only if the patient does not also have severe bronchitis, heart disease, or other illnesses. Small cell lung cancer is treated with chemotherapy. Non-small cell cancer may be treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy (as part of a research trial) or with supportive care. Radiotherapy is either radical or palliative. ... 

The three main treatment modalities currently available to cancer patients are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy [1], Radiotherapy and chemotherapy non-selectively inhibit rapidly proliferating cells, including cancer cells, and the generality of the antiproliferative effect of these treatments leads to the severe dose-limiting toxicides experienced by cancer patients. In addition, the genetic instability of tumor cells facilitates the development of resistance to radiotherapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy that eventually causes these treatment approaches to fail in most patients with solid or metastatic tumors. 

In two patients with thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis, who both had recurrent oral candidiasis after thymectomy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy levamisole was added as adjunctive therapy in combination with oral nystatin (5). Oral candidiasis responded favorably and substantial relief was obtained, with a concurrent increase in T cells and CD4/CD8 ratio, suggesting restoration of T cell immunity. Adverse effects were not mentioned. 

Furuse K, Kubota K, Kawahara M, Kodama N, Ogawara M, Akira M, Nakajima S, Takada M, Kusunoki Y, Negoro S, et al. Phase II study of concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Southern Osaka Lung Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1995 13(4) 869-75. 

Ultrasound in Cancer Therapy The use of ultrasound to enhance cancer therapy has been the subject of numerous biological and clinical investigations. In most of these studies, ultrasound has been used as an agent to induce hyperthermia for either direct treatment of small and localized cancerous tumors20-27 or as adjuvant therapy to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 

Use of intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy can disrupt oral mucosa and also cause xerostomia also prolonged use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in neutropenic patients can alter the normal oral flora. Because of the prolonged neutropenia, the principal immune defect, seen especially in leukemic patients, the initial oropharyngeal candidiasis can become systemic or invasive. 

Ragaz, J., Jackson, S. M., Le, N., etal. 1997. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 337 956-962. 

The three main approaches to treatment are surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The way in which they are combined depends on the type of cancer and its stage at diagnosis. Only a few cancers are treated with chemotherapy alone. 

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