Teratogenicity radiation

Flammability or explosivity Corrosivity Toxicity Carcinogenicity or teratogenicity Breathability (noxious or poisonous fumes) Electrical (high voltage or current) Light (intense sources, such as lasers, UV lamps) Radioactivity/Radiation... 

The problem is that nuclear wastes contain radioactive isotopes that release life-threatening ionizing radiation that may pose a threat to humans and the environment for hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years. This radiation can cause carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects in small amounts and can result in radiation sickness and death in larger amounts. 

Toxicosis in animals has resulted from ingestion of boric acid or borax solutions, from topical applications of boric acid solutions to damaged skin, and from inhalation of boranes the exact mechanisms of action are not understood. Boron and its compounds are potent teratogens when applied directly to the embryo, bnt there is no evidence of mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. Boron s unique affinity for cancerons tissnes has been exploited in neutron capture radiation therapy of malignant hnman brain tnmors. 

Teratogenic agents may be drugs taken during pregnancy radiation, both ionizing and nonionizing environmental pollutants chemical hazards in the workplace dietary deficiencies and natural contaminants. 

Case Radium-226 and Radium-228. The concept of risk projections from experimental dose-response curves has been highly developed in the case of estimating risks to the population from low doses of radiation. Such methods were later extended to estimate risks from other carcinogens in drinking water and other media. Radioactivity can contribute risks from teratogenic, genetic, and somatic (carcinogenic) effects. 

Nelson BK, Conover DL, Brightwell WS, et al. Marked increase in the teratogenicity of the combined administration of the industrial solvent 2-methoxy-ethanol and radiofrequency radiation in rats. Teratology 1991 43(6) 621 34. 

Hyperthermia induced by an elevation in ambient temperature following RF radiation is known to be associated with fetal developmental effects. 2-Methoxyethanol is a known teratogen. In a study on laboratory animals it was demonstrated that combined exposure to RF and 2-methoxyethanol enhanced the adverse effects produced by either agent alone. It was also noted that teratogenic effects of 2-methoxyethanol were observed at levels below those found for the solvent alone, when it was co-administered with RFJ251... 

Depending on the dose, dose rate and route of exposure, radiation can cause Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS), cutaneous injury and scarring, chorioretinal damage (due to exposure to infrared energy), and increased long term risk for cancer, cataract formation (especially due to neutron irradiation), infertility and fetal abnormalities, such as growth retardation, fetal malformations, increased teratogen-esis and fetal death (2). 

A further prediction might be that any effect or foreign compound which interfered with biochemical pathways, particularly transcription and translation, damaged macromolecules, caused a deficiency of essential cofactors, caused a reduction in energy supply or produced direct tissue damage, would probably be teratogenic. Thus ionizing radiation, which causes mutations and other effects, will readily... 

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