Human radiation experiments

Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (1995). 

DOE, Human Radiation Experiments Associated with the U.S. Department of Energy and Its Predecessors, DOE EH-0491, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Part I, Chapter 3, Supreme Court Dissents Invoke the Nuremberg Code. http // www.eh.doe.gov/ohre/roadmap/ achre/Chap3 4.html. 

This whole story is recounted in Ruth R. Haden s Human Radiation Experiments Reflection on the Ethics of Biomedical Research (www. cesil.com/0798/enfade07.htm). She was a leading spokesperson in the commission. 

By the time the United States Advisory Committee for Human Radiation Experiments was created to uncover the history of human radiation experiments and intentional environmental releases of radiation to identify the ethical and scientific standards for evaluating these events and to make recommendations to ensure that whatever wrongdoing may have occurred in... 

United States Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (NewYork, NY, Oxford University Press, 1995). 

Bassett, S.H., Frankel, A., Cedars, N., et al., 1948. The excretion of hexavalent uranium following intravenous administration. II. Studies on human subjects. Univ. of Rochester U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Report Report UR-37 (Advisory Committee on human radiation experiments No. CON-030795-A-l), 54. University of Rochester, Rochester. 

Radiation experiments are the closest designers can get to real space radiation. It is possible, at ground level, to use different kinds of energized particles to emulate the particles present in space. In order to do so, particles are accelerated and thrown at the circuit under test. Examples of particles ate protons, neutron, alpha particles, and heavy ions, such as cobalt. Such experiments deal with radioactive elements and accelerated particles that can cause severe damage to human beings and the environment. Because of that, such experiments must have an extremely controlled testing facilities (most of them controlled by the estate), and therefore can be very expensive. 

The importance of superoxide-mediated damage to cancer cells was also demonstrated in the experiments with overexpressed mitochondrial MnSOD. Hirose et al. [186] showed that the overexpression of mitochondrial MnSOD enhanced the survival of human melanoma cells exposed to cytokines IL-1 and TNF-a, anticancer antibiotics doxorubicin and mitomycin C, and y-irradiation. Similarly, Motoori et al. [187] found that overexpression of MnSOD reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, the intracellular production of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and prevented radiation-induced cell death in human hepatocellular... 

All energy and forms on our planet are adaptations of solar power. Our day star is the synthesis of all forces that comprise a human being. It is a living, conscious power like unto ourselves. The energy radiated by the Sun flows through our bodies and manifests in our activities. This same energy flows back to the Sun, producing all the phenomena of human experience. Thus, there is a continuous circuit. We live in the Sun and the Sun lives in us. The secret name of humanity is the Heart of the Sun. ... 

Redistribution There are results of classical experiments that show that cells respond differently to radiation depending on which part of the cell cycle they are in when radiation is delivered. For human cancer cells the G2M boundary appears to be the position in the cell cycle associated with the greatest sensitivity. It is likely that a drug that is able to block cell cycle progression in a radiosensitive phase will be associated with significant radiosensitization. The taxanes are an example of such a compound (40). 

Cell cycle redistribution may not be the sole factor if cells are irradiated before drug exposure, but it has been shown that 5-FU can sensitize even when cells are irradiated before drug exposure. Byfield et al. found that 5-FU radiosensitizes HeLa cells only when the drug exposure followed radiation (the cells were treated with 5-FU, either before or after radiation, for up to 8 d). A similar finding was observed on HT29 human colon cancer cells, except that in these experiments cells were exposed to 5-FU for a maximum of only 30 min before radiation (33). These observations demonstrate that radiosensitization can be produced in the absence of cell cycle redistribution. 

Radiation sensitization with irinotecan in two human lung cancer xenografts has been reported (42). In these experiments, CPT-11 was administered in nontoxic doses 1 h prior to a single dose of irradiation. In other reports radiation sensitization with CPT occurred during or after irradiation (43). 

Initial experiments have shown that gemcitabine has a potent enhancing effect on the cellular effects of ionizing radiation reports with rodent EMT6 (26) cells and with HT-29 human colon carcinoma cell lines (27) showed that noncytotoxic concentrations of the drug lead to significant enrichment of radiation-induced cell lethality (Fig. 3). In the latter study it was found that the noncytotoxic concentrations of the drug (10 nM... 

In vitro studies have shown that paclitaxel is a potent radiation sensitizer. Survival curves using grade 3 human astrocytoma cell lines showed a sensitizer enhancement ratio of 1.8 (57). In a series of experiments using a human leukemic cell line (HL-60), a sensitizing enhancement ratio of 1.48 was noted (58). Other studies have shown that G2/M block is not the only mechanism of paclitaxel-induced radiosensitization (59). 

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