Radar sensors

In automatic dishwashers, amount of dirt on crockery and cutlery can be measured with a radar sensor [87] or with a device that uses the reflectivity of an integrated surface [88]. Thus, the load of the washing liquor with soil and detergency can be measured. 

BISTATIC AND MULTISTATIC RADAR SENSORS FOR HOMELAND SECURITY... 

Bistatic and multistatic radar sensors for homeland security... 

Keywords Radar sensor scheduling waveform beam-shape control detection tracking revisit time myopic non-myopic. 

Figure 5. Close-up of a single 77GHz radar sensor.

Figure 6. Two experimental cars equipped with 77GHz radar sensors.

In general, the tracking procedure starts with an association process to combine the established track parameter with the radar sensor or radar network measurements. Errors in the association process will always lead to ghost targets. But the general requirement for automotive applications is to keep the false alarm probability as low as possible, which underlines the importance of the association process for radar networks. 

Alternatively the radar sensor specific measured ranges and velocities ml can be used for a track update. In this case the tracking procedure can even be applied in the low target detection situation where the multilateration process cannot be applied. In the range-velocity-to-track association scheme the corresponding measurement equation is based on range and velocity calculations and has a nonlinear analytical structure,... 

The term E - denotes the expected value and / is the identity matrix. This covariance matrix can be derived from the radar sensor characteristics. 

In [28] the performance of OS-CFAR in a 77GHz radar sensor for car application is examined. In the automotive radar application case multiple target situations occur almost always. 

Klotz, Michael Rohling, Hermann GHz Radar Sensors for Automotive Ap-... 

Rohling, Hermann Meinecke, Marc-Michael Klotz, Michael Mende, Ralph Experiences with an Experimental Car controlled by a 11 GHz Radar Sensor, International Radar Symposium, IRS98, Miinchen, 1998. 

Rohling, H., Mende, R. OS CFAR performance in a 77GHz Radar Sensor for Car Application, CIE International Conference on Radar, Peking, China, 1996. 

Radar level transmitters and gauges use electromagnetic waves, typically in the microwave bands to make a continuous liquid and some solid level measurements. The radar sensor is mounted on the top of the vessel and is aimed down, perpendicular to the liquid surface. Most tank-farm gauges are operated on the FMCW principle (Figure 3.121). Other gauges and transmitters, particularly the lowest-cost units, are operated on the pulse principle. Both principles are fundamentally based on the time of flight from the sensor to the level of the surface to be measured. In the FMCW method, this time of flight is tracked on a carrier wave in the pulse method, it is the echo return. 

On the imaging of biogenic and anthropogenic surface films on the sea by radar sensors... 

Imaging of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Surface Films by Radar Sensors 191... 

Gade M (2006) On the imaging of biogenic and anthropogenic surface films on the sea by radar sensors. In Gade M, Huhnerfuss H, Korenowski GM (eds) Marine Surface Films. Springer, Heidelberg (this volume)... 

Marine pollution by oil spills or harmful chemicals is still one of the major environmental problems to be faced. Besides the accidental releases of pollutants the main source is assumed from the controlled release by ship traffic and oil production platforms. Since accidents or violations of regulations can never be completely excluded, precautions and instruments are needed to detect and combat maritime pollutions and a crucial element of this framework is airborne surveillance. Like no other system, airborne pollution control is capable a) to detect possible oil spills by radar sensors,... 

A starting point for these new sensor functions is the adaptive cmise control system (ACC), which has already been introduced to the market. ACC systems monitor objects that are far in front of a vehicle and their relative speeds by either RF-radar (at 11 GHz) or laser-radar sensors. Due to the current high price of this system, the market will possibly be restricted mainly to luxury cars in the next few years. Volumes are expected to grow from several hundred thousand units in 2002 to a market of more than two million systems worldwide in 2005 [6]. 

---