Specific measuring range

Specific measuring range The range of concentration values for w hich the overall uncertainty of a measurement procedure is intended to lie within specific limits. 

Alternatively the radar sensor specific measured ranges and velocities ml can be used for a track update. In this case the tracking procedure can even be applied in the low target detection situation where the multilateration process cannot be applied. In the range-velocity-to-track association scheme the corresponding measurement equation is based on range and velocity calculations and has a nonlinear analytical structure,... 

Standards define a calibration curve that is used to convert the element intensity values into parts per million (ppm) over a specific measurement range. AE may utilize multiple sets of calibration curves for different analysis applications. Simultaneous instruments measure all elements in a single cycle and can provide data on 20-60 elements in less than a minute. The two most common excitation sources for AE oil analysers are the rotary disk electrode type, commonly referred to as RDE, Rotrode or Arc/Spark and the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) type. 

A very obvious way to change die measurement range and sensitivity of a fluid manometer is by using fluids of different densities. There are only a few suitable liquids with specific gravit> between that of water and mercury. Ethylene bromide has a specific gravity of 2.2 and acetylene tetrabromide 3.0., but they are corrosive. 

Except for occasional bursts of irregularity when specific measures are particularly sensitive to the topology and may show unexpectedly large absolute deviations, range independent class-2 rules generally possess regular, predictable profiles which are relatively insensitive to exact g topologies. 

Verification implies that the laboratory investigates trueness and precision in particular. Elements which should be included in a full validation of an analytical method are specificity, calibration curve, precision between laboratories and/or precision within laboratories, trueness, measuring range, LOD, LOQ, robustness and sensitivity. The numbers of analyses required by the NMKL standard and the criteria for the adoption of quantitative methods are summarized in Table 10. 

A set of linear equations can now be derived which describes the relation between 16 measured beat frequencies and sensor specific target range and velocity parameters. 

On the other hand, if the really relevant phenomena are overlooked, then this could lead to incorrect interpretation of the fitted parameters, and, consequently, invalid predictions, e.g. if they form the basis of a risk assessment. As illustrative examples, consider two cases that highlight the range of convenience of a refinement (1) most transient effects cannot be seen for microorganisms with very small radii, but the influence of the transient regime can be relevant in the description of accumulation data and (2) if there is transport limitation (i.e. the FIAM assumption does not hold), the lability of the com-plexation becomes very relevant for both the flux and the depletion of the medium. A decision about which phenomena to keep and which to neglect for the specific biological system under consideration and the specific measured quantity can only be made on the basis of a close interaction between theoretical and experimental studies. 

Nitta et al. [216] designed a method to measure the in-plane conductivity of a DL as a function of the compressed thickness. The sample material was placed on a plate and compressed on both ends by graphite current collectors. Steel gages were located between the graphite blocks and the plate in order to maintain constant thickness of the DL while tests were conducted. A specific current range was applied to the apparatus and the voltage drop was measured in order to calculate the total resistance of the system. 

The theory behind every measurement method can be generalised by Eq (1) [1]. Some quantity (or quantities, measurands) is measured, which has a specific relationship to the sought quantity. The measurand can be regarded to be a stochastic variable associated with an uncertainty, which implies that the sought quantity is also a random variable. The mathematical relationship depends on the physical model, that is, the model of the physical phenomenon of interest, for example temperature, pressure, and volume flow. The physical model always includes limitations, which implies that the measurement method has restrictions that is, it will only function in a certain measuring range and according to the assumption of the model. 

In the present volume. Gladden, Mantle, and Sederman summarize the application of magnetic resonance imaging techniques to represent both local flow fields in reactors containing solid catalyst particles and conversions within model reactors. The techniques provide a non-invasive, chemically specific measurement technique that leads to representation of a reactor over length scales ranging from Angstroms to centimeters. 

The fractional light absorption can be measured in a separate experiment. Knowing and estimating the extent of decomposition, f , the incident intensity can be calculated in the units of einstein cm-3s-1 falling on the reaction cell. To avoid geometrical errors due to differences in absorptivity of the actinometer solution and the sample, the same cell is used for actinometry and for the reaction, under conditions of equal optical densities. There are a number of photochemical reactions which have been found suitable as actinometers. They are useful within their specific wavelength ranges. 

Range is the concentration interval over which linearity, accuracy, and precision are all acceptable. An example of a specification for range for a major component of a mixture is the concentration interval providing a correlation coefficient of R2 > 0.995 (a measure of linearity), spike recovery of 100 2% (a measure of accuracy), and interlaboratory precision of 3%. For an impurity, an acceptable range might provide a correlation coefficient of R2 > 0.98, spike recovery of 100 10%. and interlaboratory precision of 15%. 

Specific surface ranges from 1 to 1000 square meters/gram. It is most often measured by adsorption of nitrogen at Its atmospheric saturation pressure (-195.8 C), with analysis of the data by the BET adsorption equation (problem P6.01.02). Pore diameters of common catalysts range from 10 to 200 Angstroms (10-8 cm) problem P6.01.01 discusses such data. Porosity of a bed of... 

The range of techniques discussed in this volume measure local elevation, local relief, erosion and several environmental variables including precipitation, temperature, seasonality, and enthalpy. Relief, erosion and environmental records are related to paleoaltimetry through (1) empirically and theoretically determined climate-elevation relationships, and (2) assumptions about how erosion and relief relate to elevation change. While reading this volume, the reader should consider the specific measurement provided by a particular technique and its sensitivities to other factors. A broad range of approaches provides the opportunity to be both circumspect and comprehensive with tectonic and geomorphic interpretations based on paleoaltimetry data. 

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