Quaternary amines benzyl chloride

QuaterniZation. Quaternary ammonium compounds are formed by alkylation of alkyl, alkyl dimethyl, dialkyl, and dialkylmethyl fatty amines with methyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, or benzyl chloride (1,3,7,12,29). 

A wide variety of quaternaries can be prepared. Alkylation with benzyl chloride may produce quaternaries that are biologically active, namely, bactericides, germicides, or algaecides. Reaction of a tertiary amine with chloroacetic acid produces an amphoteric compound, a betaine. 

The benzylation of a wide variety of aHphatic, aromatic, and heterocycHc amines has been reported. Benzyl chloride is converted into mono-, di-, and tribenzyl amines by reaction with ammonia. Benzylaniline [103-32-2] results from the reaction of benzyl chloride with aniline. Reaction with tertiary amines yields quaternary ammonium salts with trialkylpbospbines, quaternary phosphonium salts and with sulfides, sulfonium salts are formed. 

Nearly all uses and appHcations of benzyl chloride are related to reactions of the active haUde substituent. More than two-thirds of benzyl chloride produced is used in the manufacture of benzyl butyl-phthalate, a plasticizer used extensively in vinyl flooring and other flexible poly(vinyl chloride) uses such as food packaging. Other significant uses are the manufacture of benzyl alcohol [100-51-6] and of benzyl chloride-derived quaternary ammonium compounds, each of which consumes more than 10% of the benzyl chloride produced. Smaller volume uses include the manufacture of benzyl cyanide [140-29-4], benzyl esters such as benzyl acetate [140-11-4], butyrate, cinnamate, and saUcylate, benzylamine [100-46-9], and benzyl dimethyl amine [103-83-8], and -benzylphenol [101-53-1]. In the dye industry benzyl chloride is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of triphenylmethane dyes (qv). First generation derivatives of benzyl chloride are processed further to pharmaceutical, perfume, and flavor products. 

Dispersed phase polymerisation of HIPEs has also been used to prepare polymer-supported quaternary onium phase transfer catalysts [162]. One strategy involved the polymerisation of a concentrated emulsion of vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC) in water and subsequent quaternisation of the polymer resin with tertiary amines and phosphines (Fig. 22). 

Long-chain alkyl chlorides can be used lor the synthesis of various amines, while benzyl chloride is used for production of quaternary ammonium compounds. Alkyl chlorides are used for the formation of organometallics, including the Grignard reagents as well as for alkylation of aromatics. One of the important reactions or phosgene is with diamines for production of diisocyunates (polyurethanes). 

The asymmetrical tertiary amines are used exclusively as starting materials for the manufacture of quaternary ammonium compounds, cationic and amphoteric surfactants, and amine oxides. Quaternary ammonium compounds used as bactericides and algicides are produced by the reaction of tertiary amines with benzyl chloride, methyl chloride, or dimethyl sulfate. Of these, the benzyl ammonium chloride salt is the most widely used. 

Among the numerous derivatives useful in identifying amines are amides e.g., acetamides, benzamides, or sulfonamides) for primary and secondary amines quaternary ammonium salts (e.g., those from benzyl chloride or methyl iodide) or tertiary amines. 

When B is triethyl amine, a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Since triethyl amine is volatile at the temperatures usually used for polyaddition, the catalyst would be depleted from the reaction mixture as the reaction progresses. In the case of a catalyst such as benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride, which would be expected to undergo thermal decomposition into benzyl chloride and triethyl amine, such a mechanism would predict why not only... 

A new acid catalyst of potential use in the Bischler-Napieralski cyclization is P2O5 in methanesulfonic acid. The phenethylamines used in isoquinoline syntheses are usually prepared from the reduction of the corresponding /S-nitrostyrenes. A more versatile procedure starts with a substituted benzyl chloride which is converted to the nitrile using sodium cyanide in DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). Reduction of the nitrile with LiAlH4 in the presence of AICI3 gives the desired amine in excellent yield. Benzylamines or their quaternary salts may also be utilized in appropriate solvents in place of benzylic chlorides, so that they too may act as nitrile precursors. ... 

In order to prepare the strong- or weak-base anion-exchange resins, the styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers are reacted with chloromethyl methyl ether, which converts the phenyl residues into benzyl chloride groups that are subsequently allowed to react with either secondary or tertiary amines. The chloromethyl groups supposedly become attached to the 4-position in the phenyl residues. Trimethylamine (Dowex-1, Amberlite IRA 400) and di-methylethanolamine (Dowex-2, Amberlite 410) are typical of the tertiary amines used in the preparation of commercial resins. The quaternary ammonium ion-exchange resins are highly ionized and can be used over the entire pYl range (14). 

There are several reports in the literature of tertiary amine catalysis of reactions which appear to be of the phase transfer type. The first such example is the reaction of potassium benzoate with benzyl chloride to give benzyl benzoate, reported in a German patent issued in 1913 to be catalyzed by triethylamine [26]. Merker and Scott in 1961 utilized in situ quaternary ammonium carboxylate formation to facilitate the same esterification reaction [27]. Hennis and coworkers rediscovered and clarified amine catalysis in the reaction of benzyl chloride with potassium acetate... 

More recently, Normant and coworkers have reported catalysis of the reaction between potassium acetate and benzyl chloride in acetonitrile by polyamines in a two phase system [28]. It seems likely that the catalytic activity reported by Normant et al. is related to the earlier alkylations discussed above. The authors state in their communication, however, their finding that ... quaternary ammonium salts corresponding to the diamines do not activate anions under the experimental conditions used. . In the reaction referred to here, it seems likely that the diamines are playing a dual role. The diamines are probably assisting in the solubilization of the solid (and relatively insoluble) potassium acetate by chelation of the potassium cation and the homogeneous reaction is then probably catalyzed by the quaternary ion formed in situ. That the catalytic activity of the amine depends on the hardness of the cation (the harder the cation, the less catalytic activity) [28] seems to accord with this interpretation although lattice energy differences cannot be discounted. 

Quaternary ammonium compounds are prepared by the reaction of the respective tertiary amines with a quatemizing agent. Suitable quatemizing agents are methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, and, rarely, long-chain alkyl halides. 

Stability and performance of AEM prepared using poly(4-vinyl pyridine-costyrene), quaternized with 1-bromooctane, and deposited on fibrous woven paper was unsatisfactory [189]. Sanchez and coauthors [190] discussed problems related to the use of certain AEMs. They pointed out that the so-called Hoffman degradation that involves attack of a hydroxyl on a-hydrogen in p-position to a quaternary ammonium attached to an aliphatic chain may cause its removal, followed by release of a tertiary amine and formation of a double bond at the end of a broken chain. Attachment of DABCO on short leash prevented chain break due to Hoffman degradation, but release of DABCO and generation of a double bond attached to the chain could take place. Perhaps thermal cross-linking by DABCO of poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) may solve this problem. Sulfonated polymers prepared by polymerization or copolymerization of phosphazene, siloxans, styrene, vinylidene fluoride, and various monomers with aromatic backbones, and possibly with aliphatic spacers, have been used. Various imides as well as PPS, PEK, PEEK, PSU, PEEKK, and PPSU can also be used [190,191]. 

It is worth mentioning at this point that according to Normant et al. (1975) simple polyamines such as tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) are even more active than [2.2.2]-cryptand in the benzylation of acetates in acetonitrile under liquid-solid conditions. These authors suggested that the activity was due to salt solubilization by cation complexation and not to formation of a quaternary ammonium ion since the latter showed no activity. This statement, however, is not in line with the results of Cote and Bauer (1977), who were unable to detect any interaction between K+ and TMEDA in acetonitrile. Furthermore, Vander Zwan and Hartner (1978) found Aliquat 336 (tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride) to be almost as effective as TMEDA in this reaction (Table 30). It might well be, however, that in amine-catalysed benzylation reactions the quaternary salt formed in situ acts both as a reactant and as a phase-transfer catalyst, since Dou et al. (1977) have shown that the benzyltriethylammonium ion is a powerful benzylation agent. 

Heterocyclic amines have also been used as phase transfer catalysts. However, because these amines quaternize easily, the question is whether the operative catalyst is the tertiary amine or the quaternary ammonium salt formed in situ Furukawa et al.286 have shown that a methyl 2-pyridyl sulfoxide may be used as a phase transfer catalyst and promote substitution reactions between lithium chloride or sodium cyanide and benzyl bromide. According to the authors, the catalyst behaves as a cation complexer and not as a quaternary ammonium salt formed in situ by a Menschutkin reaction. 

Monosulfonation of primary and secondary diols can generally be accomplished under controlled conditions. The selective tosylation of diol (54), followed by reaction with trimethylamine in a sealed tube and ion exchange with Dowex-1 (Cl") resin gave (+)-muscarine chloride (55 Scheme 23). ° Intramolecular alkylation of cyclic amine (56) gave quaternary ammonium salt (57) subsequent hydrogenolysis of the benzyl group in (57) afforded (58 Scheme 23). ... 

The primary and secondary amines yield tertiary amines (RNMe2, R2NMe) by catalytic reaction with formaldehyde. These are used as corrosion inhibitors, fuel oil additives, bacteriacides and fungicides or are converted to amine oxides by reaction with hydrogen peroxide or to quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) by reaction with methyl chloride (or sulphate) or benzyl... 

The compendial method for assay of benzalkonium chloride is based upon reversal of the quaternization reaction. The compound is reacted with Nal, the benzyl iodide and tertiary amine are removed by extraction, and the iodide consumed is determined by titration with KIO3 (9). The alkyl chain length distribution is determined by HPLC. Other tests for characterization of benzalkonium salts are similar to those performed on alkyl quaternaries. These salts are also readily determined by two-phase or potentiometric titration with an anionic surfactant. 

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