Quantitative ultrasound

Bone mineral density can be measured at various sites throughout the skeletal system and by various methods. The site of measurement can be either central (hip and/or spine) or peripheral (heel, forearm, or hand). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to measure central and peripheral sites of bone mineral density. Quantitative ultrasound, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, radiographic absorptiometry, and single-energy x-ray absorptiometry are used to measure peripheral sites. 

Frediani B, Falsetti P, Baldi F, Acciai C, Filippou G, Marcolongo R. Effects of 4-year treatment with once-weekly clodronate on prevention of corticosteroid-induced bone loss and fractures in patients with arthritis evaluation with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and quantitative ultrasound. Bone 2003 33 575-81. 

Fig. 4.12 Results of a quantitative ultrasound study in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats. Application of ICAM-1-targeted microparticles results in a highly significant...

Liao, X., W. Zhang, J. He, J. Sun and P. Huang (2005). "Bone measurements of infants in the first 3 months of life by quantitative ultrasound the influence of gestational age, season, and postnatal age." Pediatr Radiol. 35 847-853. 

Keywords— 1. Quantitative ultrasound (QUS), 2. hydroxyapatite (HAp), 3. cortical bone. 

On the other hand, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) has many advantages such as the portability, low cost, suitable for group screening and free ionizing radiation, which are considered to be especially suitable in the assessment of children and pregnant women. In addition, QUS techniques can evaluate the elastic properties of bone in vivo by the two parameters, the speed of sound (SOS) and the broadband ultrasoimd attenuation (BUA, slope of the linearly frequency dependent attenuation). These parameters can... 

Low intensity ultrasound has also been applied to the Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation of olefins with zinc-diiodomethane (237). This reaction normally will not occur without activation of mossy Zn with I2 or Li, and was difficult to scale-up due to delayed initiation. Yields upon sonication are nearly quantitative, activation of the Zn is unnecessary, and no delayed exotherms are observed. In reactions with another class of organic dihalides, ultrasonic irradiation of Zn with a,a -dibromo-o-xylene has proved a facile way to generate an o-xylylene-like species [Eq. (49)],... 

R. S. Adler, J. M. Rubin, P. H. Bland and P. L. Carson, Quantitative tissue motion analysis of digitized M-mode images gestational differences of fetal lung, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1990, 16, 561-569. 

Previous investigations of heterogeneous sonochemistry have involved ultrasonic extraction of pollutants from sediments and ultrasound assisted reactions employing solid catalysts. However, more extensive quantitative results are needed concerning sonochemistry in environmentally relevant systems. We report results of a preliminary set of experiments, involving the ultrasonic irradiation of bromobenzene, trichloroacetonitrile, and chloropicrin in the presence of silica solids (15 im and 10 nm). 

Today one of the most common chemical applications of ultrasound is the initiation of a reluctant Grignard reaction. The quantitative effects of ultrasound on the induction times for the formation of a Grignard reagent in various grades of ether is given in Tab. 3.2 [88]. 

Solid tertiary amines and imines may be quantitatively alkylated by gas-solid and solid-solid techniques. Methylation of quinuclidine (176) to give the methoiodide 177 is achieved waste-free by exposure of 176 to a stoichiometric amount of methyl iodide vapor (Scheme 23). Difficulties with the disintegration of the crystals of 177 from those of 176 (reaction step 3) are overcome by ultrasound treatment from a cleaning bath at 20 °C [22]. Numerous applications of this technique to tertiary amines can be envisaged. However, solid Troeger s base (with interlocked layers, i.e., no possibility for molecular migrations) is not alkylated by methyl iodide vapor unless an excess of the vapor is applied to induce intermediate (partial) liquefying of the solid [22]. 

The barbituric acid derivative 2 (0.50 mmol) was ground in an agate mortar. Solid diazonium salt 1 (0.50 mmol) was added and co-ground in 5 portions for 5 min, each. Most of the diazonium band at 2280 cm-1 had disappeared, but completion of the reaction was achieved by 24 h ultrasound application in a test tube. After neutralization (0.5 n NaOH, 20 mL), washings (H20) and drying, the quantitatively obtained products 3a-e assume the hydrazono structure. 

Solid diazonium salt 1 (0.50 mmol) and jS-naphthol 2 (0.60 mmol) were separately ground in agate mortars and cautiously mixed. In the case of Id MgSC>4 2H20 (0.50 mmol) was added to the mixture. The mixtures rested for 24 h in test tubes and were then exposed to ultrasound for 24 h in a cleaning bath. The quantitatively obtained azo-dye salts 3-HX were neutralized and freed from excess 2 by washings with 0.5 n NaOH (20 mL) and water (20 mL). The yields of the neutral dyes with the hydrazono structure 3a-d were 100, 98, 99 and 99%. 

Ultrasound treatment was compared with microwave heating and pressure cooking the former treatment was claimed to be quantitatively and statistically superior for the immunostaining of prostatic basal cell structural cytokeratins using monoclonal antibody K8.12 (Portiansky and Gimeno, 1996). 

A relatively simple quantitative model describing transport of small molecules (<500 MW) by low-frequency ultrasound was described as follows ... 

Kwok OH, Chow WH, Law TC, et al. First human experience with angiopeptin-eluting stent a quantitative coronary angiography and three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2005 66(4) 54l-546. Nakamura M, Wada M, Hara H, et al. Angiographic and clinical outcomes of a pharmacokinetic study of sirolimus-eluting stents lesson from restenosis cases. Circ J 2005 69(10) ... 

Kwok OH, Chow WH, Law TC, et al. First human experience with angiopeptin-eluting stent a quantitative coronary angiography and three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005 66 541-546. 

Ref. (61)]. The interim results confirmed the feasibility and safety of using E2F-I decoy. Analysis of the secondary endpoints using quantitative coronary angiography and three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound demonstrated increased patency and adaptive vessel remodeling characterized by reduction in neointimal size and volume in the treated group one year after treatment, leading to 40% reduction in critical stenosis. These results will now need to be confirmed in adequately sampled and powered phase III studies in patients with coronary and peripheral vessel disease in order to further... 

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