Peripheral site

A cognate property of this continuous production throughout life is the repair of damaged parts of the neurone axonal and or dendritic re-growth readily occurs, an ability retained even by higher primates (Graziadei et al., 1980). Such a regenerational capacity is probably due to the peripheral site of the cell body, since those within the CNS mostly lack this property. 

Normally, 88% to 92% of phenytoin is bound to plasma protein, leaving 8% to 12% unbound. The unbound component is able to leave the blood to produce the clinical effect in the CNS, produce dose-related side effects in the CNS and at other sites, distribute to other peripheral sites, and be metabolized. Certain patient groups are known to have decreased protein binding, resulting in an increased percentage of drug that is unbound. These patient groups include ... 

Bone mineral density can be measured at various sites throughout the skeletal system and by various methods. The site of measurement can be either central (hip and/or spine) or peripheral (heel, forearm, or hand). Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can be used to measure central and peripheral sites of bone mineral density. Quantitative ultrasound, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, radiographic absorptiometry, and single-energy x-ray absorptiometry are used to measure peripheral sites. 

De Ferrari GV, Mallender WD, Inestrosa NC, Rosenberry TL (2001) Thioflavin T is a fluorescent probe of the acetylcholinesterase peripheral site that reveals conformational interactions between the peripheral and acylation sites. J Biol Chem 276(26) 23282... 

Eichler, J., Anselment, A., Sussman, J.L., Massoulie, J. and Silman, I. (1994) Differential effects of peripheral site ligands on Torpedo and chicken acetylcholinesterase. Molecular Pharmacology 45, 335-340. 

Measurement of central (hip and spine) BMD with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard for osteoporosis diagnosis. Measurement at peripheral sites (forearm, heel, and phalanges) with ultrasound or DXA is used only for screening purposes and to determine the need for further testing. 

In general, the introduction of antihypertensive agents acting on the vasomotor center in the brain appears to be a major advance in the treatment of hypertension. The well balanced hemodynamic effect is far superior to what is observed with inhibition of sympathetic transmission at peripheral sites. Orthostatic hypotension is no longer a problem. It is predicted that pharmacologic progress in this line of compounds will make further contributions to our antihypertensive armamentarium. 

General Functions of Octopamine in Arthropods. The actions of OA in invertebrates therefore are multiple and probably involve both central and peripheral sites. Moreover, as pointed out previously, many of the known actions of OA are comparable to those of NE and E in the vertebrate central and sympathetic nervous systems. These multiple effects are concerned with arousal and stress responses, increasing the responsiveness to outside stimuli, and alerting the resting animal and priming it for action and movement. It is interesting, though inconclusive, in this context to note that ants... 

Dopamine can exert pronounced cardiovascular and renal effects through the activation of both Dj- and Dz-receptor subtypes. Stimulation of the Dj-receptor, which is present on blood vessels and certain other peripheral sites, will result in vasodilation, natriuresis, and diuresis. Dz-receptors are found on ganglia, on sympathetic nerve terminals, on the adrenal cortex, and within the cardiovascular centers of the CNS their activation produces hypotension, bradycardia, and regional vasodilation (e.g., renal vasodilation). The kidney appears to be a particularly rich source for endogenous dopamine in the periphery. 

Aspirin is one of the most important NSAIDs because it decreases pain at predominantly peripheral sites with little cortical interaction and thus has few CNS effects. The prototypical COX-2 inhibitors are celecoxib (Celebrex) and its chemical cousin, rofecoxib (Vioxx). In addition to a role in inflammatory processes,... 

Mechanism of Action A second-generation sulfonylurea that promotes release of insulin from beta cells of the pancreas and increases insulin sensitivity at peripheral sites. Therapeutic Effect Lowers blood glucose concentration. 

Tricyclics interact with other drugs and substances at a variety of points during distribution and metabolism. Most interactions occur at the CYP isoenzyme complex in the liver. Other interactions occur at peripheral sites and involve interaction at the noradernergic receptors (a and P). A summary of major TCA drug interactions is given in Table 23.2. 

Renal function is depressed by opioids. It is believed that in humans this is chiefly due to decreased renal plasma flow. In addition, opioids have been found to have an antidiuretic effect in humans. Mechanisms may involve both the CNS and peripheral sites. Opioids also enhance renal tubular sodium reabsorption. The role of opioid-induced changes in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release is controversial. Ureteral and bladder tone are increased by therapeutic doses of the opioid analgesics. Increased sphincter tone may precipitate urinary retention, especially in postoperative patients. Occasionally, ureteral colic caused by a renal calculus is made worse by opioid-induced increase in ureteral tone. 

Silicon-based dendrimers 8 and 9 (Fc = ferrocenyl) also showed oxidative precipitation onto electrodes to give idealized electrochemistry as films.181 Specifically, the peak current was linear with scan rate and the potential difference between the anodic and cathodic waves was small (AE = 10 mV at a scan rate of 100 mV/s).182 This latter observation indicated that the rate of electron transfer was rapid. For molecule 9, the surface coverage was measured as = 2 x 10 10 mol/cm2. These molecules were also explored as mediators in amperometric biosensors.183 In contrast, molecule 10 showed two redox peaks, indicative of interaction between the two ferrocenyl units at each peripheral site. 181 When oxidation of one of the two interacting redox units results in some electron sharing between the two units (Robin-Day class II mixed valence species), the second oxidation is naturally... 

To investigate drug action at the most peripheral sites, i.e., the light receptors and synapses in the retina, they stim-... 

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