Qualitative innovations

Nanophotonics Dressed Photon Technology for Qualitatively Innovative Optical Devices, Fabrication, and Systems... 

Nanophotonics, proposed by the author in 1993 [1-3], is a novel optical technology that utilizes the optical near-field. The optical near-field is the dressed photons that mediate the interaction between nanometric particles located in close proximity to each other. Nanophotonics allows the realization of qualitative innovations in photonic devices, fabrication techniques, and systems by utilizing novel functions and phenomena enabled by optical near-field interactions that would otherwise be impossible if only conventional propagating light were used. In this sense, the principles and concepts of nanophotonics are completely different from those of conventional wave-optical technology, encompassing photonic crystals, plasmon-ics, metamaterials, and silicon photonics. This review describes these differences and shows examples of such qualitative innovations. 

The first and second inequalities originate from the contribution of the electron and coherent phonon energies, respectively. Novel fabrication techniques allowing qualitative innovations can be developed by utilizing the DP-CP. Several examples of such innovations will be reviewed in Sect. 1.5. 

Nanophotonic devices have several unique features, by which their predominance over conventional photonic devices has been established for application to next-generation information processing systems. One feature is undoubtedly their nanometer-scale dimensions beyond the diffraction limit, which is an example of a quantitative innovation of optical technology. However, it should be noted again that the true nature of nanophotonic devices involves their ability to realize qualitative innovations, originating from their unique features. These features are ... 

The latest innovation is the introduction of ultra-thin silica layers. These layers are only 10 xm thick (compared to 200-250 pm in conventional plates) and are not based on granular adsorbents but consist of monolithic silica. Ultra-thin layer chromatography (UTLC) plates offer a unique combination of short migration distances, fast development times and extremely low solvent consumption. The absence of silica particles allows UTLC silica gel layers to be manufactured without any sort of binders, that are normally needed to stabilise silica particles at the glass support surface. UTLC plates will significantly reduce analysis time, solvent consumption and increase sensitivity in both qualitative and quantitative applications (Table 4.35). Miniaturised planar chromatography will rival other microanalytical techniques. 

There is apparently still a complete lack of operationalisable, qualitative and/or initially quantitative indicators (e.g. in an ordinal scale) to determine the level of innovation. We made an attempt at defining these (cf Chapters 4.3 (Hypotheses) and 5.1.1), but did not have sufficient time to pursue this matter in more detail. 

Understandably, the impurity profiles of the same drug substance produced by different S3mthetic routes will differ qualitatively and quantitatively. This is commonly observed when a drug substance is provided by different suppliers. For example, the HPLC chromatograms from samples of fluoxetine hydrochloride obtained from four different suppliers show the differences in the impurities produced by the presumably different synthetic routes (Figure 1.1) [7]. Supplier A is the innovator company. Supplier B is in Italy, and Suppliers C and D are in India. 

Sukowski, L., and Ulmschneider, M. (2005), In-line process analytical technology on qualitative NIR modelhng An innovative approach for the pharmaceutical quality control, Pharmlnd, 67(7), 830-835. 

But let me also be quick to point out that the impacts will not be as significant as they at first appear. Hie number of new chemicals is not a complete measure of the output of chemi-cal innovation. It ignores qualitative factors about the chemicals, a very important one of which is the unintended environmental and health effects resulting from the use of the product. 

One other in situ technique can be used to determine fractional acidity in atmospheric aerosols by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy (46). Originally, impactor samples were collected and were pressed into a KBr matrix, and then the IR spectrum was taken by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy to determine relative acidity, based on differences in absorption bands for sulfate and bisulfate species. Aerosols with [H+]/[S042 ] ratios greater than 1 could also be qualitatively identified. More recent innovations in the FTIR technique (47, 48) have made possible... 

An impressive variety of LC/MS-based solutions, incorporating quantitative and qualitative process approaches, are now routinely applied to accelerate drug development. The results are significant and led to the successful development of innovative therapies and numerous novel drugs. The use of LC/MS with other technologies for sample preparation, analysis, and data management is now an inextricably linked element of drug development. 

All conclusions, drawn before the importance of Planck s quantum of action was appreciated, were strictly qualitative. Introduction of the quantum condition was Bohr s innovation, and it could have been more effectively combined with Nagaoka s stable orbits, rather than with electrodynamically unstable orbits. Whereas Bohr s was a one-electron theory, Nagaoka proposed a model for all atoms, with electrons spread across a set of concentric rings. Developing this into a quantum model remains an intriguing possibility. 

An innovative approach due to Haider et al. [113] may help to sidestep the challenges involved in explicit molecular dynamics simulation and obtain information on these slow dynamics. The authors use the results of dielectric reflectance spectroscopy to model the IL as a dielectric continuum, and study the solvation response of the IL in this framework. The calculated response is not a good description of the subpicosecond dynamics, a problem the authors ascribe to limited data on the high frequency dielectric response, but may be qualitatively correct at longer times. We have already expressed concern regarding the use of the dielectric continuum model for ILs in Section IV. A, but believe that if the wavelength dependence of the dielectric constant can be adequately modeled, this approach may be the most productive theoretical analysis of these slow dynamics. 

By applying ethnography early in the innovation process, you may discover jobs and/or outcomes that customers have not articulated, especially in cases where existing solutions fail or fall short. For the best results, however, you will need to hire a trained ethnographer due to the discipline associated with collecting qualitative data in the field and accurately analyzing the findings. 

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