Water utility purchasing

In the area of public utilities, the American Water Works Association, New York, collects data on water utilities, including production, consumption, sales, and prices. This information is available by purchase of the Journal of the American Water Works Association 21),... 

Figure 10.29 shows the designs for three HENs, having minimum utilities, at three values of Ar j 30, 25.833, and 16.9 K. For the first two, in Figures 10.29a and 10.29b, using the method of Linnhoff and Hindmarsh (1983), stream splitting is required below the first pinch. Stream Cl is split into two streams between the pinches because just streams HI and H2 are present. Below the second pinch, stream Cl is split into three streams because all three hot streams are present. As shown in Table 10.6, both the purchase and utility costs are lower at The former is reduced because the cooling water exchanger is no longer needed. At Ar, = 16.9 K, the HEN is much simpler because no pinches exist, as shown in Figure 10.29c. Hence, the purchase cost is lower and the cost of utilities is equal to that at...

There have been two different but equally successful precedents for implementing quality assurance in Europe. In the UK and France, large gas and water utilities were able to create corporate standards to apply through purchase and supply contracts within a customer/contractor relationship with pipe suppliers. In Germany, the proliferation of local authority owned gas and water utilities meant they were too small to impose corporate standards. Instead, the contractual relationship with the larger pipe supply companies was maintained by standards set by third parties such as the German DVGW, supported by independent test houses. 

In addition to the fixed capital investment needed to purchase and install process equipment and auxiliaries, there is a continuous expenditure referred to as operating cost, which is needed to operate the process. The operating cost (or manufacturing cost or production cost) includes raw materials, mass-separating agents, utilities (fuel, electricity, steam, water, refrigerants, air, etc.), catalysts, additives, labor, and maintenance. The total annualized cost of a process is defined as follows ... 

Utilities outsourcing The complete outsourcing of utilities, such as the provision of steam and water, is the next level. In fact, many organizations around the world have purchased steam from a neighboring manufacturing facility or from a utilities supplier for many years, but today there are many permutations on this theme. For some time it has been common to hire a boiler or even a turbine generator on a temporary basis. Now it is easy to hire the water treatment plant, or simply to buy the MU water needed to run the plant. Under these schemes, contractors may provide trailer-mounted water treatment equipment, which is simply driven in and hooked up directly to the customers deaerator or FW tank. 

Under utilities should be included the costs for items that enter the plant but do not enter directly into the material formulation of the products or by-products. This includes coal, oil, gas, electricity, water, air, and inert gases. The amounts of cooling, process, and potable water should each be specified. Potable water is water that can be used for drinking and food preparation. It is usually purchased from a nearby municipality. The average electrical power required, peak power required, and demand power need to be calculated. Demand power is the number of kilowatts of energy that the utility company agrees to supply on an uninterrupted basis. A premium price is charged for this power. 

All reagents and solvents were used as received (Sigma-Aldrich) if not stated otherwise. NOL-130 stab initiation mix and preformed, 19 mg graphite-blended l,3,5-trinitro-l,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) pellets were purchased from Day Zimmerman (DZI). Samples prepared for LC-MS analysis were dissolved in ammonium hydroxide and run utilizing a Phenomenex Gemini C6-Phenyl column (4.6 mm X 150 mm) and a mobile phase of 20 mM ammonium acetate in water pH 7.02 at 0.75 ml,-min The HPLC analysis is done using... 

The Heck reaction and its variants are used routinely in drug synthesis, where the palladium catalysts can be recovered and recycled. Some Heck reactions can use water as the solvent, which eliminates the purchase and disposal of hazardous organic solvents. The following examples suggest the wide utility of the Heck reaction. 

Estimate the total operating cost per day for labor, power, steam, and water in a plant producing 100 tons of acetone per day from the data given in Table 22 and using utility costs from Table 23. Consider all water as treated city water. The steam pressure may be assumed to be 100 psig. Labor costs average 20 per employee-hour. Electricity must be purchased. Plant operates 365 days per year. 

Many of the offsite items are designed as packaged plants or systems that are purchased from specialized suppliers. In some cases, the supplier may even offer an over-the fence contract, in which the supplier builds, owns, and operates the offsite plant and contracts to supply the site with the desired utility stream or service. Over-the-fence contracts are widely used for industrial gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and most plants also import electricity from the local utility company. Over-the-fence contracts for steam, cooling water, and effluent treatment are less common, but are sometimes used in smaller plants or where several companies share a site. 

Early accelerated weathering apparatus utilized carbon arc lamps with various filters to generate a spectrum that reproduced some of the harmful effects of sunlight. Improved versions of these are still in use and are specified for certain applications. However, many users and specifiers have turned to xenon arc lamp-based machines as these produce a spectrum that more closely matches that of sunlight (Fig. 6.1). Additionally, they are generally less expensive to purchase and to run than the carbon arc machines. Both types nowadays have facilities for the provision of controlled humidity, water spray, periodic water immersion and/or variable temperature cycles. 

Furthermore, to account for this reduction, the steam consumption must be increased by x to heat stream Cl to 180°C and the loads of five other heat exchangers must be adjusted by the same amount, as shown in Figure 10.21c. This includes the same increase in the consumption of cooling water because X units of heat are transferred across the pinch. After the heat loads are adjusted, the resulting network is shown in Figure 10.21d. A glance at Table 10.5 shows the total purchase cost of the seven heal exchangers is reduced to 57,470, but the cost of utilities is increased to 13,250/yr, and hence, is increased to 19,000/yr. 

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