Psychotomimetic hallucinations

Psychotomimetic drags can be defined as chemical agents that reliably and dose-dependently induce a psychosis, often including hallucinations and delusions in normal individuals. Implicit in this term is a mimicking of naturally occulting psychosis. 

Delta Dysphoria, psychotomimetic effects (eg, hallucinations), respiratory and vasomotor stimulations caused by drugs with antagonist activity... 

This class produces analgesia and has a ceiling effect on respiratory depression and lower abuse potential than morphine. However, psychotomimetic responses (e.g., hallucinations and dysphoria with pentazocine), a ceiling analgesic effect, and the propensity to initiate withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients have limited their widespread use. 

The term psychotomimetic was coined to compare the effects of hallucinogens to the symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychotic conditions. However, the effects produced by hallucinogens and mental illness are qualitatively different. While drug-induced hallucinations tend to be more visual, auditory hallucinations are most common in schizophrenia. The hallucinogenic drugs discussed here may induce positive symptoms (e.g., hallucinations), but do not induce the negative symptoms (e.g., cognitive deficits, social withdrawal) of schizophrenia. 

BZ is undeniably psychotomimetic, but only in the broad sense that it causes a true loss of contact with reality. It also lacks most of the distinguishing features of the natural psychoses. Schizophrenia, for example, rarely produces visual hallucinations. BZ, on the other hand, seldom produces well-organized delusions (as may occur with LSD). BZ does not produce persistent social withdrawal, as seen in chronic schizophrenia, nor does it create the annoying overfriendliness of the manic phase of bipolar disorder. 

Psychotomimetics are able to elicit psychic changes like those manifested in the course of a psychosis, such as illusionary distortion of perception and hallucinations. This experience may be of dreamlike character its emotional or intellectual transposition appears inadequate to the outsider. 

Pentazocine is contraindicated in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction because of cardiovascular stimulation. Psychotomimetic side effects, such as hallucinations, bizarre dreams, and sensations of depersonalisation, occur in about 6-10% of patients. They are more common in elderly patients, in those who are ambulatory, and when doses above 60 mg are given. Nausea occurs in approximately 5% of patients although vomiting is less common. Other commonly reported side effects are dizziness and drowsiness. The risk of physical dependence is low. 

Lysergic acid diethylamide Central nervous system (CNS) 5-HT2and dopamine agonist 5-HT2 antagonist in periphery Hallucinations psychotomimetic None widely abused Oral duration several hours Toxicity Prolonged psychotic state, flashbacks... 

The three drugs, LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin are commonly called hallucinogens because of their ability to alter consciousness such that the individual senses things that are not present. They induce, often in an unpredictable way, perceptual symptoms, including shape and color distortion. Psychosis-like manifestations (depersonalization, hallucinations, distorted time perception) have led some to classify these drugs as psychotomimetics. They also produce somatic symptoms (dizziness, nausea, paresthesias, and blurred vision). Some users have reported intense reexperiencing of perceptual effects (flashbacks) up to several years after the last drug exposure. 

In accordance with a low K-receptor affinity, the incidence of psychotomimetic actions and hallucinations is low. 

Side-effects The most frequent side-effect is drowsiness, others are nausea, vomiting, sweating, dizziness, vertigo, dry mouth and headache. Hallucinations and psychotomimetic reactions are less frequent than with pentazocine, reflecting a relative weak kappa component of the compound. Nalbuphine-induced respiratory depression is... 

Mescaline [54-04-6] (2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine) is the active ingredient in mescal buttons (peyotl or peyote), which are the dried tops of the Mexican dumpling cactus l ophopora wilhamsi. Mescaline produces visual hallucinations on ingestion. Its possible use as a psychotomimetic drug in the field of mental health has been studied (see Alkaloids Psychopharmacologicalagents). 

Phencyclidine (PCP) was developed in late 1950 as an intravenous anesthetic agent. PCP produces anesthesia and analgesia with respiratory or cardiovascular depression. However, postoperatively, the drug produced psychotomimetic effects (e.g., delirium and hallucinations) and was subsequently withdrawn from the market. 

Dysphoria Hallucinations Psychotomimetic effects Pupil dilation... 

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